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THE DEFENCE OF PNC 155same thing can be both F and not-F in one and the same respect. Whatabout the latter option? <strong>Aristotle</strong> argues that if we can think and speakabout this cloud, then it has an essence, i.e. there is something that it is tobe this very cloud, as opposed to any other thing. Now suppose, on theone hand, that what it is to be a particular cloud involves its beingsomething that has a particular shape. For example, suppose that to be aparticular cloud is to be a particular set of water molecules arranged in aparticular way in space. Then evidently one and the same cloud cannot beboth round and not-round —for then the cloud would not have aparticular shape and so it would not be a cloud at all. So suppose, on theother hand, that what it is to be a particular cloud does not involve itsbeing something that has a particular shape. In that case, we need not at allsay that it is this very cloud that is both round and not-round. For we maysay, instead, that there is something that is round here (e.g. there isroundly shaped material within the confines of this particular space) andthere is something that is not-round here (e.g. there is not-roundly shapedmaterial within the confines of the same particular space). But evidentlythis is not even the whiff of a contradiction.Hopefully, the above illustration will carry some conviction on its ownmerits and on account of its details, not merely as an illustration of ageneral strategy. For suppose that <strong>Aristotle</strong>’s general strategy is indeed toargue that the view that a thing, x, has an essence, E, entitles us to beconfident that, when it appears that a single thing, x, is at once F and not-F, either:(1) we may distinguish a respect in which x is F and a different respect inwhich x is not-F; or(2) we may say that it is not this very thing, x, that is both F and not-F,but rather there is something in the area of x that is F and that there issomething in the area of x that is not-F.If this strategy is to convince, then it must convince not only as a generalstrategy, but also from case to case. In other words, it will be a task to show,from case to case, either:(1) what the respect is in which a particular thing, x, is F and what thedifferent respect is in which this same thing, x, is not-F; or(2) it is not this very thing, x, that is both F and not-F, rather there issomething in the area of x that is F and there is something in the areaof x that is not-F.
156 THE DEFENCE OF PNCFor example, suppose that we today think that light manifests at once thebehaviour of waves and the behaviour of particles. And suppose that wethink that light has an essence, i.e. there is something that it is to be thisvery thing—light. Perhaps we think that this essence is what the science,physics, is searching for. It may then appear that we have a truecontradiction: one and the same emission of light is at once an emission ofwaves and an emission of particles. To show that this is not really a truecontradiction, we will need to consider what the essence of light is; and bydoing so we will need to show either:(1) what the respect is in which light is the emission of waves and what thedifferent respect is in which light is the emission of particles; or:(2) it is not this very thing, light, that is both the emission of waves andthe emission of particles, rather, for example, the presence of lightwithin a particular confines of space implies that there is within theseconfines of space both wave-activity and particle-activity—whichevidently is not even the whiff of a contradiction.
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CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x1 <strong
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5 Is PNC Transcendental, i.e. is It
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ix9 The Ultimate Cause of Change, a
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1ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS1What is
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ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS 3apparent
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ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS 5other an
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ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS 7previous
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ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS 9question
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ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS 11distinc
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properties, i.e. into things and th
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ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS 15thinkin
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ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS 17Quine
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ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS 19why thi
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ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS 21right q
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2METAPHYSICS AS THE SCIENCE OFTHE U
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THE ULTIMATE EXPLANATIONS OF ALL TH
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ARISTOTLE’S METHOD IN METAPHYSICS
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68 ARISTOTLE’S METHOD IN METAPHYS
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4METAPHYSICS AS THE SCIENCE OFBEING
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92 BEING QUA BEING AND PRIMARY BEIN
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100 BEING QUA BEING AND PRIMARY BEI
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102 BEING QUA BEING AND PRIMARY BEI
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Page 135 and 136: 124 THE DEFENCE OF PNCwill evidentl
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Page 163 and 164: 152 THE DEFENCE OF PNCthere is a pr
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Page 201 and 202: 7THE SEARCH FOR PRIMARY BEING(Book
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242 THE SEARCH FOR PRIMARY BEINGx,
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246 THE SEARCH FOR PRIMARY BEINGon
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248 THE SEARCH FOR PRIMARY BEINGAlt
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250 THE SEARCH FOR PRIMARY BEINGden
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254 THE SEARCH FOR PRIMARY BEINGeme
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256 THE SEARCH FOR PRIMARY BEINGand
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258 THE SEARCH FOR PRIMARY BEINGsay
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8THE ULTIMATE CAUSE OFCHANGE: GOD(B
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262 THE ULTIMATE CAUSE OF CHANGE: G
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9THE CRITICISM OF PLATO’STHEORY O
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300 CRITICISM OF PLATO’S THEORY O
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CONCLUSIONWhat would we have to do
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FURTHER READINGOn Chapter 1For gene
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BlBLIOGRAPHYTranslations of the Met
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340 BIBLIOGRAPHYFine, K. 1995. ‘O
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342 BIBLIOGRAPHYPriest, G. 1998.
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INDEXGreek terms (and titles of wor
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346 INDEXmethod 63ffmonism 5motion
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