Tahafut_al-Tahafut-transl-Engl-van-den-Bergh

I say:
of God in His essence and His uniqueness are necessary
and that this solitude is proper to Him, we answer: This is not
necessary, for the world exists with Him, and He is therefore
not solitary. And if they say that His solitude so far as a rival
is concerned is necessary, and that the opposite of the
necessary is the impossible, and that the impossible is
related to Him, we answer: In this case the solitude of God in
regard to the world is different from His solitude in regard to
His equal and in this case His solitude in regard to His rival
is necessary, and in regard to the created world not
necessary.’
All this is vain talk, for it cannot be doubted that the judgments of the
mind have value only in regard to the nature of things outside the soul. If
there were outside the soul nothing possible or impossible, the judgment
of the mind that things are possible or impossible would be of as much
value as no judgment at all, and there would be no difference between
reason and illusion. And that there should be a rival to God is just as
impossible in reality as God’s existence is i necessary in reality. But there
is no sense in wasting more words on this question.
Ghazali says:
The subterfuge concerning the becoming of the souls is
worthless too, for they have individual essences and a
possibility prior to their becoming, and at that time there is
nothing with which they could be brought into relation. Their
argument contends that it is possible for matter that the
souls direct it is a remote relation and, if this satisfies you,
you might as well say that the possibility of the souls
becoming lies in the power of Him who can on His own
authority produce them, for the souls are then related to the
Agent-although they are not impressed on Him-in the same
way as to the body, on which they are not impressed either.
And since the imprint is made neither on the one substrate
nor on the other, there is no difference between the relation
to the agent and that to the patient.
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