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Tahafut_al-Tahafut-transl-Engl-van-den-Bergh

a book on philosophy

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I say:

any case, has to be proved, since by itself it is a mere

presumption.

What he mentions here is, to my knowledge, not said by any

philosophers except Avicenna, namely that the heavenly bodies have

representations, not to speak of the fact that these representations should

be infinite, and Alexander of Aphrodisias explains in his book called The

Principles of the Universe that these bodies have no representations,

because representations exist only in animals because of their

conservation, and these bodies do not fear corruption, and with respect to

them representations would be valueless (and likewise sensations). ‘ If

they had representations they would also have sensations, since

sensations are the condition for representations and every being which

has representations necessarily has sensations, although the reverse is

not true . Therefore to interpret the indelible tablet in the way Ghazali says

that they do is not correct, and the only possible interpretation of the

separate intellects which move the different spheres by means of

subordination is that they are the angels in the proximity of God, s if one

wants to harmonize the conclusions of reason with the statements of the

Holy Law.

Ghazali says:

And they prove this by saying that the circular movement

is voluntary and that the will follows the thing willed, b and

that a universal thing willed can only be intended by a

universal will, and that from the universal will nothing

proceeds. For-so they say-every actual existent is

determined and individual, and the relation of the universal

will to the individual units is one and the same, and no

individual thing proceeds from it. Therefore an individual will

is needed for a definite movement. For every particular

movement from every definite point to another definite point

the sphere has a will, and this sphere no doubt has a

representation of this particular movement through a bodily

potency, since individuals only perceive through bodily

potencies and every will must of necessity represent the

393

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