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Tahafut_al-Tahafut-transl-Engl-van-den-Bergh

a book on philosophy

a book on philosophy

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I say:

is the principle of these differences? For the body of the

heavens proceeds from only one and the same simple entity

and the simple can cause only that which is simple of shape,

namely the sphere, and that which is homogeneous, that is,

has no special distinguishable character. And out of this

there is no issue.

‘Simple’ has two meanings: first, simplicity can be attributed to that which

is not composed of many part, although it is composed of form and matter,

and in this way the four elements are called simple;’ secondly, it can be

attributed to that which is not composed of form and matter capable of

changing its form, namely to the heavenly bodies; further, simplicity can

be attributed to the agglomerate which has the same definition for its

whole and its part, even when it is composed of the four elements. The

simple character which is attributed to the heavenly bodies can very well

possess parts which are differentiated by nature, as are the right and left

sides of the sphere and the poles; for the globe, in so far as it is a globe,

must have definite poles and a definite centre through which globes differ

individually, and it does not follow from the fact that the globe has definite

sides that it is not simple, for it is simple in so far as it is not composed of

form and matter in which there is potency, and it is non-homogeneous in

so far as the part which receives the place of the poles cannot be any part

of the globe, but is a part determined by nature in each globe individually.

If this were not so, globes could not have centres by nature through which

they were differentiated; thus they are heterogeneous-in this special

meaning of the word ‘heterogeneous’-but this does not imply that they are

composed of bodies different by nature, nor that their agent is composed

of many potencies, for every globe is one. Nor do the philosophers regard

it as true that every point of whatever globe can be a centre and that only

the agent specifies the points, for this is only true in artificial things, not in

natural globes. And from the assumption that every point of the globe can

be a centre, and that it is the agent which specifies the points, it does not

follow that the agent is a manifold unless one assumes that there is in the

empirical world nothing that can proceed from a single agent; for in the

empirical world things are composed of the ten categories and therefore

anything whatever in the world would need ten agents. But all this, to

203

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