Tahafut_al-Tahafut-transl-Engl-van-den-Bergh

Ghazali says, to refute the philosophers:
I say:
We answer: Does the determination of the manner of this
order suffice in itself for the existence of what possesses this
order, or does it need a cause to effect it? If you believe it
suffices, then you regard it as superfluous to assume causes
at all, and you may well judge that from the order of these
existents the existents themselves result without any
additional cause; if, however, you believe it does not suffice,
but a cause is necessary, this new cause will not suffice
either for the specification of these measures, but will itself
need a cause for its specifying .’
The summary of this is that he makes the objection against them that in
the body there are many things which cannot proceed from one agent,
unless they admit that many acts can proceed out of one agent, or unless
they believe that many accidents of the body result from the form of the
body and that the form of the body results from the agent. For, according
to such an opinion, the accidents resulting from the body which comes into
being through the agent do not proceed from the agent directly but
through the mediation of the form. This is a conception permissible to the
doctrines of the philosophers, but not to those of the theologians.
However, I believe that the Mu’tazilites think as the philosophers do that
there are things which do not directly proceed from the agent . We have
already explained how the Monad is the cause of the order, and of the
existence of all things which support this order, and there is no sense in
repeating ourselves.
Ghazali says:
The third way is that in the highest heavens there are
marked out two points, the poles, which are immovable and
do not leave their position, whereas the parts of the equator
change their position. Now either all the parts of the highest
sphere are similar (and then there will not be a special
determination of two points amongst all the points to be
poles), or the parts of the sphere are different and some
have a special character which others have not. What, then,
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