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Tahafut_al-Tahafut-transl-Engl-van-den-Bergh

a book on philosophy

a book on philosophy

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I say:

mediator, participates in this characteristic. This proves that

the intellects which are effects are different species, that

they only participate in intellectuality and are besides this

distinguished by specific differences, and that likewise the

First participates with all the other intellects in this

intellectuality. The philosophers, therefore, are either in plain

contradiction to their own fundamental thesis, or have to

affirm that intellectuality does not constitute God’s essence.

And both positions are absurd according to them.

If you have understood what we have said before this, that there are

things which have a term in common not univocally or equivocally, but by

the universality of terms analogically related to one thing, and that the

characteristic of these things is that they lead upwards to a first term in

this genus which is the first cause of everything to which this word refers,

like warmth, which is predicated of fire and all other warm things, and like

the term ‘existent’ which is predicated of the substance and all other

accidents, and like the term ‘movement’ predicated of motion in space and

all the other movements, you will not have to occupy yourself with the

mistakes in this reasoning. For the term ‘intellect’ is predicated

analogically of the separate intellects according to the philosophers, and

there is among them a first intellect which is the cause of all the other

intellects, and the same thing is true of substance. And the proof that they

have not one nature in common is that some of them are the causes of

others and the cause of a thing is prior to the effect, and the nature of

cause and effect cannot be one in genus except in the individual causes,

and this kind of community is contradictory to genuine generic community,

for things which participate in genus have no first principle which is the

cause of all the others-they are all of the same rank, and there is no

simple principle in them-whereas the things which participate in something

predicated of them analogically must have a simple first principle. And in

this First no duality can be imagined, for if a second were assumed, it

must be of the same level of existence and of the same nature as the

First, and they would have one nature in common in which they would

participate by generic participation and would have to be distinguished

through specific differences, additional to the genus, and both would be

311

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