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Tahafut_al-Tahafut-transl-Engl-van-den-Bergh

a book on philosophy

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do not know of any one who makes a distinction here between the spatial

and the non-spatial, with the single exception of Avicenna. I do not know

of any other philosopher who affirms this, it does not correspond with any

of their principles and it makes no sense, for the philosophers deny the

existence of an actual infinite equally for material and for immaterial

things, as it would imply that one infinite could be greater than another.

Perhaps Avicenna wanted only to satisfy the masses, telling them what

they were accustomed to hear about the soul. But this theory is far from

satisfactory. For if there were an actual infinite and it were divided in two,

the part would equal the whole; e.g. if there were a line or a number

actually infinite in both directions and it were divided in two, both the parts

and the whole would be actually infinite; and this is absurd. All this is

simply the consequence of the admission of an actual and not potential

infinite.

Ghazali says:

If it is said, ‘The truth lies with Plato’s theory of one

eternal soul which is only divided in bodies and returns after

its separation from them to its original unity’, we answer:

This theory is still worse, more objectionable and more apt to

be regarded as contrary to the necessity of thought. For we

say that the soul of Zaid is either identical with the soul of

Amr or different from it; but their identity would mean

something absurd, for everyone is conscious of his own

identity and knows that he is not another, and, were they

identical, their knowledge, which is an essential quality of

their souls and enters into all the relations into which their

souls enter, would be identical too. If you say their soul is

unique and only divided through its association with bodies,

we answer that the division of a unity which has no

measurable volume is absurd by the necessity of thought.

And how could the one become two, and indeed a thousand,

and then return to its unity? This can be understood of things

which have volume and quantity, like the water of the sea

which is distributed into brooks and rivers and flows then

back again into the sea, but how can that which has no

quantity be divided? We seek to show by all this that the

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