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Tahafut_al-Tahafut-transl-Engl-van-den-Bergh

a book on philosophy

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and differs from it and determines a plurality, and on this

assumption it is not possible that knowledge should attach

itself to two objects of knowledge without this implying a

greater and more important kind of plurality than that which

is intended in the assumption of an existence, brought in

relation to a quiddity. And as to the knowledge of a son and

similarly of other relative concepts, there is in it a plurality,

since there must necessarily be knowledge of the son

himself and the father himself, and this is a dual knowledge,

and there must be a third knowledge, and this is the relation;

indeed, this third knowledge is implied in the dual knowledge

which precedes it, as they are its necessary condition, for as

long as the terms of relation are not known previously, the

relation itself cannot be known, and there is thus a plurality

of knowledge of which one part is conditioned through

another. Likewise when the First knows itself as related to

the other genera and species by being their principle, it

needs the knowledge of its own essence and of the single

genera and it must further know that there exists between

itself and those genera and species the relation of being a

principle, for otherwise the existence of this relation could

not be supposed to be known to it. And as to their statement

that he who knows something knows that he is knowing

through this knowledge itself, so that the thing known can be

manifold, but the knowledge remains one, this is not true; on

the contrary, he knows that he knows through another

knowledge, and this ends in a knowledge to which he does

not pay attention and of which he is no longer conscious,

and we do not say that there is an infinite regress, but there

is a final term of knowledge attached to the thing known, and

he is unconscious of the existence of the knowledge, but not

of the existence of the known, like a man who knows the

colour black and whose soul at the moment of his knowing it

is plunged in the object of his knowledge, the colour black,

and who is unconscious of his knowing this colour black and

whose attention is not centred on it, for if it were, he would

need another knowledge till his attention came to a stand. ‘

282

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