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Tahafut_al-Tahafut-transl-Engl-van-den-Bergh

a book on philosophy

a book on philosophy

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First, to what can undergo division actually or in

imagination, and therefore the single body is not absolutely

one-it is one through the continuity which exists in it, which

can suffer a decrease and can be quantitatively divided in

imagination. This is impossible in the First Principle.

Secondly: a thing may be divided by thought, not

quantitatively, into two different concepts, as for instance the

division of body into matter and form, for although neither

matter nor form can subsist separately, they are two different

things in definition and in reality, and it is by their

composition that a unity results, namely body. This also must

be denied of God, for God cannot be a form or a matter in a

body, or be the compound of both. There are two reasons

why God cannot be their compound, first because this

compound can be divided into quantitative parts, actually or

in imagination, secondly, because this compound can be

divided conceptually into form and matter, and God cannot

be matter, because matter needs a form, and the necessary

existent is self-sufficient in every respect and its existence

cannot be conjoined with the condition of something else

besides it, and God cannot be form, because form needs

matter.

Thirdly: the plurality through attributes implied in

knowledge, power, and will; if these attributes had a

necessary existence, the essence and these attributes would

participate in necessary existence and the necessary

existent must be a plurality, and its uniqueness would be

denied.

Fourthly: the rational plurality which results from the

composition of genus and species. For black is black and

colour, and blackness is not colouredness for the intellect,

but colouredness is a genus, and blackness a specific

difference, and therefore black is composed of genus and

species; and animality is for the mind something different

from humanity, for man is a rational animal, animal is a

genus and rational a specific difference, and man is

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