Tahafut_al-Tahafut-transl-Engl-van-den-Bergh

NOR THE ANGELS ACCORDING TO THEM IS OUTSIDE OR
INSIDE THE WORLD
Ghazali says:
The discussion of this question demands the exposition
of their theory about the animal and human faculties. s The
animal faculties are divided according to them into motive
and apprehensive, and the apprehensive are of two classes,
the external and the internal. The external are the five
senses, and these faculties are entities impressed on the
bodies. b The internal are three in number. ? The first is the
representative faculty in the foremost part of the brain behind
the faculty of sight; in it the forms of the things seen remain
after the closing of the eye, and in this faculty there is
impressed and collected what the five senses bring to it, and
it is therefore called the common sense. If it did not exist, a
man who saw white honey and perceives its sweetness by
taste could not, when he saw it a second time, apprehend its
sweetness as long as he had not tasted it as he did the first
time, but in the common sense there is something which
judges that this white is the sweetness, and there is in it, no
doubt, a judging element for which both these things, colour
and sweetness, are brought together and which determines
then that when the one is present the other must be there
too. ‘
The second is the estimative faculty which is that which
apprehends the intentions’ whereas the first apprehends the
forms;^ and the meaning of ‘forms’ is ‘that which cannot be
without matter, i. e. body’, whereas the meaning of
‘intentions’ is ‘that which does not require a body for its
existence, although it can happen that it occurs in a body’-
like enmity and concord. The sheep perceives the colour,
shape, and appearance of the wolf, which are only found in
body, but it perceives also that the wolf is its enemy, and the
lamb perceives the shape and colour of its mother and then
perceives its love and tenderness, and for this reason it flees
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