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Tahafut_al-Tahafut-transl-Engl-van-den-Bergh

a book on philosophy

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discovered that the present individual is produced through the corruption

of its predecessor and that the corruption of this previous individual

implies the production of the one that follows it, and that it is necessary

that this everlasting change should proceed from an eternal mover and an

eternal moved body, which does not change in its substance, but which

changes only in place so far as concerns its parts, and approaches certain

of the transitory things and recedes from certain of them, and this is the

cause of the corruption of one half of them and the production of the other

half. And this heavenly body is the being that changes in place only, not in

any of the other kinds of change, and is through its temporal activities the

cause of all things temporal; and because of the continuity of its activities

which have neither beginning nor end, it proceeds from a cause which has

neither beginning nor end. The second reason why they introduce an

eternal being absolutely without body and matter is that they found that all

the kinds of movement depend on spatial movement, and that spatial

movement depends on a being moved essentially by a prime mover,

absolutely unmoved, both essentially and accidentally, for otherwise there

would exist at the same time an infinite number of moved movers, and this

is impossible. And it is necessary that this first mover should be eternal, or

else it would not be the first. Every movement, therefore, depends on this

mover and its setting in motion essentially, not accidentally. And this

mover exists simultaneously with each thing moved, at the time of its

motion, for a mover existing before the thing moved-such as a man

producing a man-sets only in motion accidentally, not essentially; but the

mover who is the condition of man’s existence from the beginning of his

production till its end, or rather from the beginning of his existence till its

end, is the prime mover. And likewise his existence is the condition for the

existence of all beings and the preservation- of heaven and earth and all

that is between them. All this is not proved here apodictically, but only in

the way we follow here and which is in any case more plausible for an

impartial reader than the arguments of our opponents.

If this is clear to you, you certainly are in no need of the subterfuge by

which Ghazali in his argument against the philosophers tries to conciliate

them with their adversaries in this matter; indeed these artifices will not do,

for if you have not understood how the philosophers introduce an eternal

being into reality, you have not understood how they settle the difficulty of

the rise of the temporal out of the eternal; they do that, as we said, either

72

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