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Tahafut_al-Tahafut-transl-Engl-van-den-Bergh

a book on philosophy

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I say:

the mediation of the body, but the body is not a means for

the soul in the latter’s creating bodies or in causing the

existence of souls and of things which are not related to

bodies’, we answer: ‘And why is it not possible that there

should be amongst the souls a soul which has the

characteristic of being so disposed that both bodies and

incorporeals are produced through it? The impossibility of

this is not a thing known necessarily, nor is there a proof for

it, except that we do not experience this in the bodies we

observe; but the absence of experience does not

demonstrate its impossibility, and indeed the philosophers

often ascribe things to the First Existent which are not

generally ascribed to existents, and are not experienced in

any other existent, and the absence of its being observed in

other things is not a proof of its impossibility in reference to

the First Existent, and the same holds concerning the body

and its soul. ‘

As to his assertion that bodies do not create bodies, if by ‘creating’ is

understood producing, the reverse is true, for a body in the empirical world

can only come into being through a body, , and an animated body only

through an animated body, but the absolute body does not come into

being at all, for, if it did, it would come into being from non-existence, not

after non-existence. ‘ Individual bodies only come into being out of

individual bodies and through individual bodies, and this through the

body’s being transferred from one name to another and from one definition

to another, so that for instance the body of water changes into the body of

fire, because out of the body of water is transformed the attribute through

the transformation of which the name and definition of water is transferred

to the name and definition of fire, and this happens necessarily through a

body which is the agent, participating with the becoming body specifically

or generically in either a univocal or an analogical ways and whether the

individual special corporeality in the water is transformed into the

individual special corporeality of the fire is a problem to be studied.

And as to Ghazali’s words:

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