Tahafut_al-Tahafut-transl-Engl-van-den-Bergh

qualitative, or in whichsoever of the nine categories of the accident-do not
cause, according to them, differentiations in the substance,’ and the
heavenly bodies, as we said, are not composed of matter and form and
are not specifically different, since they have, according to the
philosophers, no common genus (for, if so, they would be composite, not
simple). But we have treated of this already, and there is no sense in
repeating ourselves.
Ghazali says:
I say:
The fifth objection is to say: If we concede these inept
assumptions and these erroneous judgements, how is it then
that they are not ashamed to say that from the fact that the
first effect is of a possible existence, there results the
existence of the highest sphere, and that from its knowledge
of itself there follows the existence of the soul of the sphere
and from its knowledge of the First Principle there follows the
existence of an intellect? What is the difference between this
and the statement that the existence of an unknown man is
necessary , and that he is of a possible existence and knows
himself and his Creator and then that from the fact that he is
of a possible existence there follows the existence of a
sphere? But it will be objected: What is the relation between
his having a possible existence and the existence of a
sphere following from him? And the same holds for the fact
that from his knowing himself and his Creator there follow
two other entities. But it would be ridiculous to say such a
thing about a man or any other existent whatever, for the
possibility of existence is a concept which does not change
through the changing of the possible object, be it a man or
an angel or a sphere. I do not know how any madman could
content himself with any of these assertions, let alone the
learned who split hairs in their discussions about intelligibles.
These are all theories of Avicenna and his followers, which are not true
and are not built on the foundations of the philosophers; still they are not
so inept as this man says they are, nor does he represent them in a true
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