61340 Vorabseiten_e - Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz

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Table 2: Export permits issued for war material destined for Germany and other countries, 1940–1944 (in million Swiss francs) Company Germany other countries Total Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon-Bührle & Co. 318.3 172.2 490.5 Tavaro SA, Geneva 72.7 32.9 105.6 Machines Dixi SA, Le Locle 93.4 5.2 98.6 Hispano-Suiza (Switzerland) SA, Geneva 9.1 53.9 63.0 Waffenfabrik Solothurn AG, Solothurn 0 41.7 41.7 Verkaufs-AG, Heinrich Wild Geodesic Instr. Heerbrugg 9.7 10.1 19.8 Helios fabrique de pignons, Arnold Charpilloz, Bévilard 14.7 0 14.7 Vereinigte Pignons-Fabriken AG, Grenchen 13.8 0 13.8 Aktiengesellschaft Adolph Saurer, Arbon 4.4 2.3 6.7 Autophon AG, Solothurn 6.4 0 6.4 Nova-Werke Junker & Ferber, Zurich 2.7 3.5 6.2 Cormoret Watch Co, La Chaux-de-Fonds 0 5.5 5.5 Xamax AG, Zurich 4.9 0 4.9 Sphinxwerke Müller & Co AG, Solothurn 3.8 0 3.8 Universal Motorradfabr. Dr.A.Vedova, Oberrieden 3.6 0 3.6 Nouvel Usinage SA, La Chaux-de-Fonds 3.5 0 3.5 Messinstrumente Mess-Union GmbH, Zurich 3.1 0 3.1 Cylindre SA, Le Locle 1.9 1.1 3.0 Dornier-Werke AG, Altenrhein 2.8 0 2.8 Louis Schwab SA, Moutier 2.4 0 2.4 Albiswerk Zürich AG, Zurich 2.3 0 2.3 Metallgiesserei & Armaturenfabrik, Lyss 2.0 0 2.0 Record-Watch Co. SA, Tramelan 1.9 0 1.9 Jean Schwab, Moutier 1.6 0 1.6 Scintilla AG, Soloturn 0 1.6 1.6 Ed. Dubied & Cie SA, Neuchâtel 1.4 0 1.4 Celestin Konrad, Décolletage, Moutier 1.4 0 1.4 Teleradio AG, Bern 1.3 0 1.3 Contraves AG, Zurich 0 1.2 1.2 Ebosa SA, Grenchen 1.2 0 1.2 Technica AG, Grenchen 1.2 0 1.2 Elemo Elektromotoren AG, Basle 1.2 0 1.2 Société Industrielle de Sonceboz SA, Sonceboz 1.1 0 1.1 Schweiz. Lokomotiv- & Maschinenfabrik, Winterthur 1.1 0 1.1 Schweizerische Industrie-Gesellschaft, Neuhausen 0 1.1 1.1 Soc. pour la fabrication de magnésium SA, Lausanne 0 1 1.0 Standard Telephon- & Radio AG, Zurich 1.0 0 1.0 Herfeld Aktienges. Metallwarenfabrik, Stein am Rhein 1.0 0 1.0 Various companies (
was a continuously high level of demand for war material from Switzerland is false. Most of the Swiss manufacturers of arms, ammunition and detonators managed to obtain orders from Hitler’s regime only after the end of 1940. Obstacles to this achievement had been the German rearmament policy, which was based on self-sufficiency, fierce competition in the bureaucracy of the procurement sector, over-capacity in the Nazi arms and ammunition industry, and an acute lack of foreign currency. Some of these restrictions regarding access to the market remained in place until the end of the war. The Schweizerische Industrie-Gesellschaft (SIG) in Neuhausen, an experienced manufacturer of small arms, thus never managed to supply arms or components to Germany itself, despite the enormous efforts it made throughout the war. When Otto Duthaler, engineer and head of exports at SIG, visited the Mauser-Werke AG in Oberndorf in July 1942 and offered to supply components, he was put off with empty promises. In summer 1943, even the Waffenfabrik Solothurn AG, which belonged to the German Hermann-Goering-Werke through Rheinmetall-Borsig, had to lay off the majority of its employees because it had never managed to obtain German orders for 20mm guns. Political factors prevented this, although in the meantime the demand for material at the front was way beyond that which German manufacturers were capable of supplying. A distinction should be made between the political and the functional importance of supplies. In their internal strife concerning distribution, the German authorities and negotiating diplomats tended to insist that almost every delivery was of decisive importance for the course of the war and therefore essential. For example, in December 1944 a department of the Third Reich’s Ministry of Economics described a piece of Swiss rock crystal as «essential to the war effort», thus putting it on an equal footing with arms and ammunition so as to ensure that it would be imported. A distinction should also be made between the term «war material» as a factual notion covering long-term research, development, construction, testing, launching and sale of military equipment destined for use in war, and «war material» as a conceptual notion which embraces products that are classified as such by third parties on the sole basis of a specific and frequently biased perception of those goods. The importance of Swiss foreign trade relations to the war effort is based on a third notion of the term «war material», namely functional. Under conditions of all-out war, it is common for almost all economic factors (technology, capital, goods, services, labour, land, property) to be deployed as part of the war effort. From a functional point of view, in a given situation most resources can suddenly take on enormous importance for the military strength of one side or the other. Arms or ammunition can thus in certain circumstances be of less significance than ball bearings or precision instruments which would in normal circumstances be used for purely non-military purposes. 203
Page 1 and 2:
Final Report of the Independent Com
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Independent Commission of Experts S
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Preface This book focuses on Switze
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the monetary system and refugee pol
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sometimes difficult conditions and
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5 LAW AND LEGAL PRACTICE 391 5.1 Pu
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Abbreviations A.G.I.U.S. Assistenza
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EFV Eidgenössische Finanzverwaltun
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OECD Organization for Economic Coop
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UFA Universum-Film-Aktiengesellscha
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clever policy managed not to be dra
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economic and military power». 10 I
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Holocaust and the context of the Se
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informed will see more options, set
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with a violent threat, emergency le
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Germany although against the couran
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concerned, the findings are release
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Projects that had been suggested in
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Conscious of the importance of pers
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Considering all these developments,
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over the next few years. Only a few
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war the Soviet Union seized massive
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12 It is symptomatic in this contex
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2 The International Context and Nat
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The revolutionary upheavals at the
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1935 established a racial basis for
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The small state of Switzerland The
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Figure 1: Import and export trends,
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system. Payments from Swiss debtors
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Foreign investors desired security
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Although the political equality of
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the state and legislation was also
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Switzerland - «come what may». 28
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the Radical Party leading to a comb
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in the economy in the post-war peri
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in a far more clear-cut manner. It
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«original» Swiss values, so to sp
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take the measures deemed necessary
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also committed to an ideological co
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defence sector. The consumer price
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economic, social, cultural and spir
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28 November 1937 for a ban on Freem
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Supreme Commander - the General - a
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The phases of the war Hitler hoped
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Bircher sending Swiss doctors to th
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The victorious powers were in agree
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on 7 March 1945: «after the ‹Rus
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significantly bogged down after 194
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18 There are no recent studies on G
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73 See Imhof/Ettinger/Boller, Flüc
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126 Stucki’s speech on 12 Februar
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papers, had to go back to France. T
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Increased persecution of Jews and i
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created a legal basis for the pract
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to supervise the internees, to meet
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discourage refugee smugglers and th
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Nazi regime were forced to leave as
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times in the statistics concerning
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deal of information circulated thro
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defensive system that led to restri
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consequences - as well as from the
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epeatedly as justification. At the
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even betrayed in the face of the Ge
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situation. 83 As was customary, the
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The immense popularity of Swiss aid
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admission of illegal «French, Span
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the decisions made. As far as refug
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with the authorities in individual
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The main role played by the church
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with Switzerland and other countrie
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and resulted in improving in the fl
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occupied areas as well as taking in
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war in particular, tension arose be
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claim they were wealthy in order to
Page 152 and 153: sight of the German border police t
Page 154 and 155: of the war, the Federal Political D
Page 156 and 157: would be estranged from their famil
Page 158 and 159: country were subjected, was finally
Page 160 and 161: egard to the post-war period - favo
Page 162 and 163: the export of foreign currency and
Page 164 and 165: post-war period through «humanitar
Page 166 and 167: Federal Council’s delegate for in
Page 168 and 169: taken seriously. It was not until 1
Page 170 and 171: 25 Ludwig, Flüchtlingspolitik, 195
Page 172 and 173: 67 See Häsler, Boot, 1971, pp. 275
Page 174 and 175: 113 Narbel, Eglises, 2001. Study un
Page 176 and 177: 162 With reference to the first cam
Page 178 and 179: approaches to a critical debate abo
Page 180 and 181: But there was more to Swiss objecti
Page 182 and 183: transition to economic warfare as o
Page 184 and 185: that this important economic potent
Page 186 and 187: market became much more important a
Page 188 and 189: members of the management. In any c
Page 190 and 191: machine tools and aluminium the con
Page 192 and 193: to obtain only limited supplies, if
Page 194 and 195: of the various areas of economic ex
Page 196 and 197: «The nations which are today fight
Page 198 and 199: 11 Vereinigung des Schweizerischen
Page 200 and 201: 4.2 The Armaments Industry and the
Page 204 and 205: International tolerance of and cond
Page 206 and 207: acquired what it needed from abroad
Page 208 and 209: military expenditure in Switzerland
Page 210 and 211: 32 light machine gun and the MG 34
Page 212 and 213: the disastrous situation with regar
Page 214 and 215: In summer 1940, the Swiss diplomacy
Page 216 and 217: important of these was the Dixi-Jun
Page 218 and 219: Whether the contribution of Swiss e
Page 220 and 221: 4.3 Electricity The authorities of
Page 222 and 223: closer to the Swiss electricity gen
Page 224 and 225: provided by Switzerland to the Axis
Page 226 and 227: Passenger transport In recent years
Page 228 and 229: a day passed through the Gotthard T
Page 230 and 231: Table 4: A few examples of transit
Page 232 and 233: to ensure that the volume of suspic
Page 234 and 235: - first Italy, then Germany - were
Page 236 and 237: Closing remarks The aim of this sec
Page 238 and 239: 4.5 Gold Transactions During the Se
Page 240 and 241: on 7 December 1942, when the Federa
Page 242 and 243: shipped to Switzerland even during
Page 244 and 245: lished two different dollar categor
Page 246 and 247: icance of these transactions on the
Page 248 and 249: their gold transactions and positiv
Page 250 and 251: customers (such as the Reichsbank)
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corporations could therefore not co
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11 Banken, Degussa, 1999. 12 SNB Ar
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Figure 5: Balance-sheet totals of S
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phenomenon. Having such a well-esta
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the Geneva bank had to be liquidate
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the Swiss institutions was the guar
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esumption of debt service and were
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position they were still prepared a
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The banks provided Germany with oth
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of Swiss ownership, others without
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from Germany. The corresponding fig
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the certification procedure had dam
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owners. In cases where the company
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1 This section is principally based
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4.7 Swiss Insurance Companies in Ge
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1934 and 1939, which decreased slig
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1936 and in Frankfurt in 1939. Rent
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- were able to withstand this «Ger
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Did this anti-Semitism spill across
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In cases where foreign exchange pol
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In Switzerland, insurance policies
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the German economy was to an ever-i
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Swiss-German border, and these firm
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leading figures in the Nazi regime
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which, once peace returned, would b
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independently. They backed this up
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egime. The same was the case for th
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options: either the «Generalgouver
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ities such as synthetic silks (Lonz
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6 Burrin, France, 1995, pp. 468f. 7
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Phases and extent of the use of for
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Table 7: Proportion of foreign work
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Fischer, the Aluminium-Walzwerke Si
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At Lonza, the Board Committee knew
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10 Quoted from Herbert, Fremdarbeit
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if the owner or the personally liab
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improving their position in the Ger
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their shareholders; according to a
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Willstätter to emigrate to Switzer
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of 193, not including «half-Jews»
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As a major manufacturer, Bally Wien
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their intention was to sell the thr
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December 1933 started negotiations
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were of the opinion that the admini
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ments and common international laws
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The Swiss authorities were prepared
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24 With reference to what follows,
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70 After the «Anschluss», Austria
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and irreplaceable; they are artefac
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Another channel for the transfer of
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In the case of Fides, five sub-cate
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«Switzerland plays a significant r
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was merely the first phase leading
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Case study: Curt Glaser - «I put t
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His art collection and art library
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well-known event is the «official
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Out of a total of around 20,000 con
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4 The following comments are based
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4.12 German Camouflage and Relocati
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documentation developed out of the
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ank collapses in the summer of 1931
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British branch out of the Netherlan
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interests of Switzerland. However,
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its former Swiss holding company mu
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spring 1944, as had already happene
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SS member Helmuth Maurer and the Zu
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economy syndicate in Switzerland, P
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Figures and Legends As a result of
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comply with the duty, established b
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25 On the «Red House» conference,
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emergency plenary powers). This «e
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provide for emergency powers for th
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In terms of international law, Swit
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those concerned, the rigorous separ
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opinion which had been commissioned
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material. This duty of equal treatm
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the systematic plundering of privat
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orne in mind in this context that i
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securities described above. 104 Her
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international law is applicable if
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Heynau’s petition against the Olm
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cation of Nazi injustice. This feel
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27 This included not only «politic
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66 Schindler, Fragen, 2001 (Publica
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106 Vischer, Handel, 2001 (Publicat
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142 After the war, the German crimi
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concerned, it was stated that «ind
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actions] assets in such countries o
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eplaced it with «Wiedergutmachung
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individual. 23 Reparations do not i
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6.2 Restitution Claims in Switzerla
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commission concluded that investiga
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prevented numerous claimants from m
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advantage for Switzerland was that
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was also justified by the argument
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vention of international law carrie
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transfer instructions received from
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e «never to mention the entire aff
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in question. Often, therefore, inve
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The Cold War and agreements with Po
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hensive survey to be carried out an
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of which 1.7 million francs came fr
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Learning processes of the 1990s In
Page 458 and 459:
Table 8: Restitution proceedings ag
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Germany at that time, or were depor
Page 462 and 463:
Judges at that time also had proble
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policies belonging to Jews who rema
Page 466 and 467:
the International Commission of Hol
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international law and it had theref
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as many cases as possible by amicab
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under duress to be between 50 and 1
Page 474 and 475:
Table 9: Restitution claims involvi
Page 476 and 477:
Restitution claims after 1947 After
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ook with the title «Vénus de Cyr
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camouflaging. After the Allied occu
Page 482 and 483:
elief that relations would continue
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group of companies was not a tradit
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communities in Switzerland supporte
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44 Letter from the three leaders of
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94 Investigations carried out by th
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139 FA, E 2001 (E) 1970/217, vol. 2
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Switzerland?» can be found in the
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French-speaking Switzerland called
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conformist tendencies, served only
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different type of conduct displayed
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also in more recent legal proceedin
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Discussions about the high level of
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this kind would be abrogated after
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State and private business. This ha
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tutional rights of Switzerland’s
Page 512 and 513:
The task of the Commission did not
Page 514 and 515:
The defensive attitude of private b
Page 516 and 517:
much which would have failed to bec
Page 518 and 519:
seemed to function outside establis
Page 520 and 521:
spectre of a renewed post-war crisi
Page 522 and 523:
«Axis» under the terms of the cle
Page 524 and 525:
dissuasion in the broadest possible
Page 527 and 528:
Sources and Bibliography The follow
Page 529 and 530:
SVB (Schweizerische Volksbank) Fund
Page 531 and 532:
Federal Department of Justice and P
Page 533 and 534:
2.3 USA National Archives and Recor
Page 535 and 536:
- Zweiter Weltkrieg (ed.): Die Schw
Page 537 and 538:
Unabhängige Expertenkommission Sch
Page 539 and 540:
mémoire en construction, in: Allge
Page 541 and 542:
Bloch, Marc: Apologie der Geschicht
Page 543 and 544:
Erster und Zweiter Weltkrieg. Demok
Page 545 and 546:
Arbeitskreises «Zweiter Weltkrieg
Page 547 and 548:
Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Ge
Page 549 and 550:
Haab, Robert; Simonius, August: Art
Page 551 and 552:
Volkswirtschafts-Departementes, ed.
Page 553 and 554:
des réfugiés entre 1933 et 1945.
Page 555 and 556:
Kunz, Hans Beat: Weltrevolution und
Page 557 and 558:
Lüthy, Herbert: Die Disteln von 19
Page 559 and 560:
Vonarb, Zurich 1995 (Archäologie u
Page 561 and 562:
Radbruch, Gustav: Gesetzliches Unre
Page 563 and 564:
Schumann, Wolfgang: Die wirtschafts
Page 565 and 566:
Stutz, Hans: Frontisten und Nationa
Page 567 and 568:
Waeger, Gerhart: Die Sündenböcke
Page 569 and 570:
Zuschlag, Christoph: Die Ausstellun
Page 571 and 572:
Lussy Hanspeter Marden Matthew D. M
Page 573 and 574:
Ball, Alexander, 473, 474 Ball, Ric
Page 575 and 576:
Budge, Emma, 356 Bührle, cf. Oerli
Page 577 and 578:
Dynamit Nobel AG, Bratislava, 266 E
Page 579 and 580:
Grosz, George, 51 Grüninger, Paul,
Page 581 and 582:
Jezler, Robert, 113, 156 Jöhr, Ado
Page 583 and 584:
Maggi GmbH, Singen, 295, 297, 300,
Page 585 and 586:
Papen, Franz von, 381 Parfümeriewa
Page 587 and 588:
Schenker, Alois, 139 Schering AG, B
Page 589 and 590:
Sturzenegger, cf. Bank Sturzenegger
Page 591:
Wartmann, Wilhelm, 358 Weber, Ernst
Page 594 and 595:
Volume 6 Geschäfte und Zwangsarbei
Page 596 and 597:
Volume 16 Die Schweiz und die Goldt
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