61340 Vorabseiten_e - Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz

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Biographien aus Baden und Württemberg, Konstanz 1997, pp. 289–310 (Karlsruher Beiträge zur Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus, vol. 2). Braunschweig, Pierre Th.: Geheimer Draht nach Berlin. Die Nachrichtenlinie Masson-Schellenberg und der schweizerische Nachrichtendienst im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Zurich 1989. Brayard, Florent (ed.): Le Génocide des Juifs entre procès et histoire 1943–2000, Paris 2000. Breitman, Richard: Staatsgeheimnisse. Die Verbrechen der Nazis – von den Alliierten toleriert, Munich 1999. Breitman, Richard; Kraut, Alan M.: American refugee policy and European Jewry: 1933–1945, Bloomington 1987. Broggini, Renata: Terra d’asilo: i rifugiati italiani in Svizzera, 1943-1945, Bologna 1993 (Biblioteca storica). Bucher, Erwin: Zwischen Bundesrat und General. Schweizer Politik und Armee im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Zurich 1993 (first edition St. Gallen 1991). Bucher, Rudolf: Zwischen Verrat und Menschlichkeit. Erlebnisse eines Schweizer Arztes an der deutsch-russischen Front 1941/42, Frauenfeld 1967. Buomberger, Thomas: Raubkunst-Kunstraub. Die Schweiz und der Handel mit gestohlenen Kulturgütern zur Zeit des Zweiten Weltkrieges, Zurich 1998. Burrin, Philippe: La France à l’heure allemande 1940–1944, Paris 1995 (2 nd edition). Buschak, Willy: Die Geschichte der Maggi-Arbeiterschaft 1887–1950, Hamburg 1989. Busset, Thomas: «Va-t’en!» Accueil de réfugiés et naissance du mythe de la «terre d’asile» en Suisse, Lausanne 1994. Butikofer, Roland: Le refus de la modernité. La Ligue vaudoise: une extrême droite et la Suisse (1919–1945), Lausanne 1996. Castelmus, Linus von: Schweizerisch-alliierte Finanzbeziehungen im Übergang vom Zweiten Weltkrieg zum Kalten Krieg: Die deutschen Guthaben in der Schweiz zwischen Zwangsliquidierung und Freigabe (1945–1952), Zurich 1997 (2 nd edition, first edition 1992). Catrina, Werner: BBC. Glanz, Krise, Fusion: 1891–1991. von Brown Boveri zu ABB, Zurich 1991. Cerutti, Mauro: La Suisse, terre d’asile? in: Revue d’histoire de la Shoah 163 (1998), pp. 25–49. Charguéraud, Marc-André: Tous coupables? Les démocratiens occidentales et les communautés religieuses face à la détresse juive 1933–1940, Geneva/Paris 1998. Chenaux, Philippe: Die Schweiz, in: Geschichte des Christentums, vol. 12: 542
Erster und Zweiter Weltkrieg. Demokratien und totalitäre Systeme, ed. by Jean-Marie Mayeur, Freiburg i/Br./Basel 1992, pp. 666–680. Chiquet, Simone; Meyer, Pascale; Vonarb, Irene (ed.): Nach dem Krieg. Grenzen in der Regio 1944–1948 / Après la guerre. Frontières dans la régio 1944–1948, Zurich 1995. Churchill, Winston S.: The Second World War, vol. 6: Triumph and Tragedy, Boston 1953. Citrinbaum, Tirza: La participation de la Suisse à la Conférence internationale sur les réfugiés, Evian, juillet 1938, mémoire de licence, Université de Genève, Geneva 1977. Clavien, Alain: Les Helvétistes. Intellectuels et politique en Suisse romande au début du siècle, Lausanne 1993. Conzemius, Viktor (ed.): Der schweizerische Katholizismus im Zeitalter der Totalitarismen, Zurich 2001. Crettol, Vincent; Halbeisen, Patrick: Die währungspolitischen Hintergründe der Goldtransaktionen der Schweizerischen Nationalbank im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Bern 1999. Däniker, Gustav: Dissuasion. Schweizerische Abhaltestrategie heute und morgen, Frauenfeld 1996. Dard, Olivier; Daumas, Jean-Claude; Marcot, François (Sous la direction de): L’Occupation, l’Etat français et les entreprises, Paris 2000. Degen, Bernard: «Plebiszit mit dem Portemonnaie» oder «Plebiszit des Portemonnaies»? Anmerkungen zur Wehranleihe 1936, in: Die Finanzen des Bundes im 20. Jahrhundert, Bern 2000, pp. 123–156 (Zeitschrift des Schweizerischen Bundesarchivs, 26, ed. by von Gerald Arlettaz). Degen, Bernard: Abschied vom Klassenkampf. Die partielle Integration der schweizerischen Gewerkschaftsbewegung zwischen Landesstreik und Weltwirtschaftskrise (1918–1929), Basel 1991. Degen, Bernard: Der Arbeitsfrieden zwischen Mythos und Realität, in: Arbeitsfrieden – Realität eines Mythos: Gewerkschaftspolitik und Kampf um Arbeit – Geschichte, Krise, Perspektiven, Zurich 1987, pp. 11–30 (Widerspruch-Sonderband). Degen, Bernard: Sozialdemokratie: Gegenmacht? Opposition? Bundesratspartei? Die Geschichte der Regierungsbeteiligung der schweizerischen Sozialdemokraten, Zurich 1993. Degen, Bernard; Kübler, Markus: Die Gewerkschaften zwischen Integration und Ausgenzung, in: Guex, Sebastien; Studer, Brigitte; Degen, Bernard; Kübler, Markus; Schade, Edzard; Ziegler, Béatrice (ed.): Krisen und Stabilisierung. Die Schweiz in der Zwischenkriegszeit, Zurich 1998, pp. 127–143 (Die Schweiz 1798–1998. Staat-Gesellschaft-Politik, vol. 2). 543
Page 1 and 2:
Final Report of the Independent Com
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Independent Commission of Experts S
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Preface This book focuses on Switze
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the monetary system and refugee pol
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sometimes difficult conditions and
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5 LAW AND LEGAL PRACTICE 391 5.1 Pu
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Abbreviations A.G.I.U.S. Assistenza
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EFV Eidgenössische Finanzverwaltun
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OECD Organization for Economic Coop
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UFA Universum-Film-Aktiengesellscha
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clever policy managed not to be dra
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economic and military power». 10 I
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Holocaust and the context of the Se
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informed will see more options, set
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with a violent threat, emergency le
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Germany although against the couran
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concerned, the findings are release
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Projects that had been suggested in
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Conscious of the importance of pers
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Considering all these developments,
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over the next few years. Only a few
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war the Soviet Union seized massive
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12 It is symptomatic in this contex
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2 The International Context and Nat
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The revolutionary upheavals at the
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1935 established a racial basis for
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The small state of Switzerland The
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Figure 1: Import and export trends,
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system. Payments from Swiss debtors
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Foreign investors desired security
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Although the political equality of
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the state and legislation was also
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Switzerland - «come what may». 28
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the Radical Party leading to a comb
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in the economy in the post-war peri
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in a far more clear-cut manner. It
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«original» Swiss values, so to sp
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take the measures deemed necessary
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also committed to an ideological co
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defence sector. The consumer price
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economic, social, cultural and spir
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28 November 1937 for a ban on Freem
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Supreme Commander - the General - a
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The phases of the war Hitler hoped
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Bircher sending Swiss doctors to th
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The victorious powers were in agree
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on 7 March 1945: «after the ‹Rus
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significantly bogged down after 194
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18 There are no recent studies on G
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73 See Imhof/Ettinger/Boller, Flüc
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126 Stucki’s speech on 12 Februar
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papers, had to go back to France. T
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Increased persecution of Jews and i
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created a legal basis for the pract
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to supervise the internees, to meet
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discourage refugee smugglers and th
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Nazi regime were forced to leave as
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times in the statistics concerning
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deal of information circulated thro
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defensive system that led to restri
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consequences - as well as from the
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epeatedly as justification. At the
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even betrayed in the face of the Ge
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situation. 83 As was customary, the
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The immense popularity of Swiss aid
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admission of illegal «French, Span
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the decisions made. As far as refug
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with the authorities in individual
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The main role played by the church
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with Switzerland and other countrie
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and resulted in improving in the fl
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occupied areas as well as taking in
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war in particular, tension arose be
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claim they were wealthy in order to
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sight of the German border police t
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of the war, the Federal Political D
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would be estranged from their famil
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country were subjected, was finally
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egard to the post-war period - favo
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the export of foreign currency and
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post-war period through «humanitar
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Federal Council’s delegate for in
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taken seriously. It was not until 1
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25 Ludwig, Flüchtlingspolitik, 195
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67 See Häsler, Boot, 1971, pp. 275
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113 Narbel, Eglises, 2001. Study un
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162 With reference to the first cam
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approaches to a critical debate abo
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But there was more to Swiss objecti
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transition to economic warfare as o
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that this important economic potent
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market became much more important a
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members of the management. In any c
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machine tools and aluminium the con
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to obtain only limited supplies, if
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of the various areas of economic ex
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«The nations which are today fight
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11 Vereinigung des Schweizerischen
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4.2 The Armaments Industry and the
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Table 2: Export permits issued for
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International tolerance of and cond
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acquired what it needed from abroad
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military expenditure in Switzerland
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32 light machine gun and the MG 34
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the disastrous situation with regar
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In summer 1940, the Swiss diplomacy
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important of these was the Dixi-Jun
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Whether the contribution of Swiss e
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4.3 Electricity The authorities of
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closer to the Swiss electricity gen
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provided by Switzerland to the Axis
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Passenger transport In recent years
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a day passed through the Gotthard T
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Table 4: A few examples of transit
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to ensure that the volume of suspic
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- first Italy, then Germany - were
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Closing remarks The aim of this sec
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4.5 Gold Transactions During the Se
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on 7 December 1942, when the Federa
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shipped to Switzerland even during
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lished two different dollar categor
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icance of these transactions on the
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their gold transactions and positiv
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customers (such as the Reichsbank)
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corporations could therefore not co
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11 Banken, Degussa, 1999. 12 SNB Ar
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Figure 5: Balance-sheet totals of S
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phenomenon. Having such a well-esta
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the Geneva bank had to be liquidate
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the Swiss institutions was the guar
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esumption of debt service and were
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position they were still prepared a
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The banks provided Germany with oth
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of Swiss ownership, others without
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from Germany. The corresponding fig
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the certification procedure had dam
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owners. In cases where the company
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1 This section is principally based
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4.7 Swiss Insurance Companies in Ge
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1934 and 1939, which decreased slig
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1936 and in Frankfurt in 1939. Rent
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- were able to withstand this «Ger
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Did this anti-Semitism spill across
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In cases where foreign exchange pol
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In Switzerland, insurance policies
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the German economy was to an ever-i
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Swiss-German border, and these firm
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leading figures in the Nazi regime
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which, once peace returned, would b
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independently. They backed this up
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egime. The same was the case for th
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options: either the «Generalgouver
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ities such as synthetic silks (Lonz
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6 Burrin, France, 1995, pp. 468f. 7
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Phases and extent of the use of for
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Table 7: Proportion of foreign work
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Fischer, the Aluminium-Walzwerke Si
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At Lonza, the Board Committee knew
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10 Quoted from Herbert, Fremdarbeit
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if the owner or the personally liab
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improving their position in the Ger
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their shareholders; according to a
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Willstätter to emigrate to Switzer
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of 193, not including «half-Jews»
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As a major manufacturer, Bally Wien
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their intention was to sell the thr
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December 1933 started negotiations
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were of the opinion that the admini
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ments and common international laws
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The Swiss authorities were prepared
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24 With reference to what follows,
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70 After the «Anschluss», Austria
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and irreplaceable; they are artefac
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Another channel for the transfer of
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In the case of Fides, five sub-cate
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«Switzerland plays a significant r
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was merely the first phase leading
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Case study: Curt Glaser - «I put t
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His art collection and art library
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well-known event is the «official
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Out of a total of around 20,000 con
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4 The following comments are based
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4.12 German Camouflage and Relocati
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documentation developed out of the
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ank collapses in the summer of 1931
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British branch out of the Netherlan
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interests of Switzerland. However,
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its former Swiss holding company mu
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spring 1944, as had already happene
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SS member Helmuth Maurer and the Zu
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economy syndicate in Switzerland, P
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Figures and Legends As a result of
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comply with the duty, established b
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25 On the «Red House» conference,
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emergency plenary powers). This «e
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provide for emergency powers for th
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In terms of international law, Swit
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those concerned, the rigorous separ
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opinion which had been commissioned
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material. This duty of equal treatm
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the systematic plundering of privat
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orne in mind in this context that i
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securities described above. 104 Her
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international law is applicable if
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Heynau’s petition against the Olm
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cation of Nazi injustice. This feel
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27 This included not only «politic
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66 Schindler, Fragen, 2001 (Publica
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106 Vischer, Handel, 2001 (Publicat
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142 After the war, the German crimi
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concerned, it was stated that «ind
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actions] assets in such countries o
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eplaced it with «Wiedergutmachung
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individual. 23 Reparations do not i
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6.2 Restitution Claims in Switzerla
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commission concluded that investiga
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prevented numerous claimants from m
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advantage for Switzerland was that
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was also justified by the argument
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vention of international law carrie
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transfer instructions received from
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e «never to mention the entire aff
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in question. Often, therefore, inve
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The Cold War and agreements with Po
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hensive survey to be carried out an
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of which 1.7 million francs came fr
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Learning processes of the 1990s In
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Table 8: Restitution proceedings ag
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Germany at that time, or were depor
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Judges at that time also had proble
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policies belonging to Jews who rema
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the International Commission of Hol
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international law and it had theref
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as many cases as possible by amicab
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under duress to be between 50 and 1
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Table 9: Restitution claims involvi
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Restitution claims after 1947 After
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ook with the title «Vénus de Cyr
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camouflaging. After the Allied occu
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elief that relations would continue
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group of companies was not a tradit
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communities in Switzerland supporte
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44 Letter from the three leaders of
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94 Investigations carried out by th
Page 492 and 493: 139 FA, E 2001 (E) 1970/217, vol. 2
Page 494 and 495: Switzerland?» can be found in the
Page 496 and 497: French-speaking Switzerland called
Page 498 and 499: conformist tendencies, served only
Page 500 and 501: different type of conduct displayed
Page 502 and 503: also in more recent legal proceedin
Page 504 and 505: Discussions about the high level of
Page 506 and 507: this kind would be abrogated after
Page 508 and 509: State and private business. This ha
Page 510 and 511: tutional rights of Switzerland’s
Page 512 and 513: The task of the Commission did not
Page 514 and 515: The defensive attitude of private b
Page 516 and 517: much which would have failed to bec
Page 518 and 519: seemed to function outside establis
Page 520 and 521: spectre of a renewed post-war crisi
Page 522 and 523: «Axis» under the terms of the cle
Page 524 and 525: dissuasion in the broadest possible
Page 527 and 528: Sources and Bibliography The follow
Page 529 and 530: SVB (Schweizerische Volksbank) Fund
Page 531 and 532: Federal Department of Justice and P
Page 533 and 534: 2.3 USA National Archives and Recor
Page 535 and 536: - Zweiter Weltkrieg (ed.): Die Schw
Page 537 and 538: Unabhängige Expertenkommission Sch
Page 539 and 540: mémoire en construction, in: Allge
Page 541: Bloch, Marc: Apologie der Geschicht
Page 545 and 546: Arbeitskreises «Zweiter Weltkrieg
Page 547 and 548: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Ge
Page 549 and 550: Haab, Robert; Simonius, August: Art
Page 551 and 552: Volkswirtschafts-Departementes, ed.
Page 553 and 554: des réfugiés entre 1933 et 1945.
Page 555 and 556: Kunz, Hans Beat: Weltrevolution und
Page 557 and 558: Lüthy, Herbert: Die Disteln von 19
Page 559 and 560: Vonarb, Zurich 1995 (Archäologie u
Page 561 and 562: Radbruch, Gustav: Gesetzliches Unre
Page 563 and 564: Schumann, Wolfgang: Die wirtschafts
Page 565 and 566: Stutz, Hans: Frontisten und Nationa
Page 567 and 568: Waeger, Gerhart: Die Sündenböcke
Page 569 and 570: Zuschlag, Christoph: Die Ausstellun
Page 571 and 572: Lussy Hanspeter Marden Matthew D. M
Page 573 and 574: Ball, Alexander, 473, 474 Ball, Ric
Page 575 and 576: Budge, Emma, 356 Bührle, cf. Oerli
Page 577 and 578: Dynamit Nobel AG, Bratislava, 266 E
Page 579 and 580: Grosz, George, 51 Grüninger, Paul,
Page 581 and 582: Jezler, Robert, 113, 156 Jöhr, Ado
Page 583 and 584: Maggi GmbH, Singen, 295, 297, 300,
Page 585 and 586: Papen, Franz von, 381 Parfümeriewa
Page 587 and 588: Schenker, Alois, 139 Schering AG, B
Page 589 and 590: Sturzenegger, cf. Bank Sturzenegger
Page 591: Wartmann, Wilhelm, 358 Weber, Ernst
Page 594 and 595:
Volume 6 Geschäfte und Zwangsarbei
Page 596 and 597:
Volume 16 Die Schweiz und die Goldt
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