61340 Vorabseiten_e - Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Karlen, Stefan; Chocomeli, Lucas; D’haemer, Kristin; Laube, Stefan; Schmid, Daniel: Schweizerische Versicherungsgesellschaften im Machtbereich des «Dritten Reiches», Zurich 2002 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 12). Kleisl, Jean-Daniel: Electricité suisse et Troisième Reich, Zurich 2001 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 5). König, Mario: Interhandel. Die schweizerische Holding der IG Farben und ihre Metamorphosen – eine Affäre um Eigentum und Interessen, Zurich 2001 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 2). Lüchinger, Adolf: Rechtsprechung der schweizerischen Gerichte im Umfeld des nationalsozialistischen Unrechtregimes auf dem Gebiet des Privatrechts, unter Einschluss des internationalen Zivilprozess- und Vollstreckungsrechts (Schwerpunkt Ordre public), in: Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg (ed.): Die Schweiz, der Nationalsozialismus und das Recht, vol. 2: Privatrecht, Zurich 2001, pp. 67–124 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 19). Lussy, Hanspeter; Bonhage, Barbara; Horn, Christian: Schweizerische Wertpapiergeschäfte mit dem «Dritten Reich». Handel, Raub und Restitution, Zurich 2001 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 14). Matt, Lukas: Swissair, Lufthansa und das Dritte Reich. Unternehmenspolitik, Flugbetrieb und Aufträge im Zeitraum 1933 bis 1945, Lizentiatsarbeit und Expertise für UEK, Zurich 2000. Meier, Martin; Frech, Stefan; Gees, Thomas; Kropf, Blaise: Schweizerische Aussenwirtschaftspolitik 1930–1948. Strukturen – Verhandlungen – Funktionen, Zurich 2002 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 10). Perrenoud, Marc; Adanc, Florian; Baumann, Jan; Cortat, Alain; López, Rodrigo; Peters, Suzanne: La place financière et les banques suisses à l’époque du national-socialisme. Les grandes banques suisses et l’Allemagne (1931–1946). Zurich 2002 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 13). Ruch, Christian; Rais-Liechti, Myriam; Peter, Roland: Geschäfte und Zwangsarbeit. Schweizer Industrieunternehmen im «Dritten Reich», Zurich 2001 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 6). Schindler, Dietrich: Fragen des Neutralitätsrechts im Zweiten Weltkrieg, in: 536
Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg (ed.): Die Schweiz, der Nationalsozialismus und das Recht, vol. 1: Öffentliches Recht, Zurich 2001, pp. 79–126 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 18). Siehr, Kurt: Rechtsfragen zum Handel mit geraubten Kulturgütern in den Jahren 1935–1950, in: Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg (ed.): Die Schweiz, der Nationalsozialismus und das Recht, vol. 2: Privatrecht, Zurich 2001, pp. 125–203 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 19). Spuhler, Gregor; Jud, Ursina; Melchiar, Peter; Wildmann, Daniel: «Arisierungen» in Österreich und ihre Bezüge zur Schweiz, Zurich 2002 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 20). Straumann, Lukas; Wildmann, Daniel: Schweizer Chemieunternehmen im «Dritten Reich», Zurich 2001 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 7). Tisa Francini, Esther; Heuss Anja; Kreis, Georg: Fluchtgut – Raubgut. Der Transfer von Kulturgütern in und über die Schweiz 1933–1945 und die Frage der Restitution, Zurich 2001 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 1). Uhlig, Christiane; Barthelmess, Petra; König, Mario; Pfaffenroth, Peter; Zeugin, Bettina: Tarnung, Transfer, Transit. Die Schweiz als Drehscheibe verdeckter deutscher Operationen 1939–1952, Zurich 2001 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 9). Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland – Second World War (ed.): Switzerland and Refugees in the Nazi Era, Bern 1999. Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland – Second World War (ed.): Switzerland and Gold Transactions in the Second World War. Interim Report, Bern 1998. Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg (ed.): Die Schweiz und die Flüchtlinge zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus, Zurich 2001 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 17). Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg (ed.): Die Schweiz und die Goldtransaktionen im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Zurich 2002 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, vol. 16). Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg (ed.): Die Schweiz, der Nationalsozialismus und das Recht: vol. 1: Öffentliches Recht 537
Page 1 and 2:
Final Report of the Independent Com
Page 3 and 4:
Independent Commission of Experts S
Page 5 and 6:
Preface This book focuses on Switze
Page 7 and 8:
the monetary system and refugee pol
Page 9:
sometimes difficult conditions and
Page 12 and 13:
5 LAW AND LEGAL PRACTICE 391 5.1 Pu
Page 14 and 15:
Abbreviations A.G.I.U.S. Assistenza
Page 16 and 17:
EFV Eidgenössische Finanzverwaltun
Page 18 and 19:
OECD Organization for Economic Coop
Page 20 and 21:
UFA Universum-Film-Aktiengesellscha
Page 22 and 23:
clever policy managed not to be dra
Page 24 and 25:
economic and military power». 10 I
Page 26 and 27:
Holocaust and the context of the Se
Page 28 and 29:
informed will see more options, set
Page 30 and 31:
with a violent threat, emergency le
Page 32 and 33:
Germany although against the couran
Page 34 and 35:
concerned, the findings are release
Page 36 and 37:
Projects that had been suggested in
Page 38 and 39:
Conscious of the importance of pers
Page 40 and 41:
Considering all these developments,
Page 42 and 43:
over the next few years. Only a few
Page 44 and 45:
war the Soviet Union seized massive
Page 46 and 47:
12 It is symptomatic in this contex
Page 49 and 50:
2 The International Context and Nat
Page 51 and 52:
The revolutionary upheavals at the
Page 53 and 54:
1935 established a racial basis for
Page 55 and 56:
The small state of Switzerland The
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 1: Import and export trends,
Page 59 and 60:
system. Payments from Swiss debtors
Page 61 and 62:
Foreign investors desired security
Page 63 and 64:
Although the political equality of
Page 65 and 66:
the state and legislation was also
Page 67 and 68:
Switzerland - «come what may». 28
Page 69 and 70:
the Radical Party leading to a comb
Page 71 and 72:
in the economy in the post-war peri
Page 73 and 74:
in a far more clear-cut manner. It
Page 75 and 76:
«original» Swiss values, so to sp
Page 77 and 78:
take the measures deemed necessary
Page 79 and 80:
also committed to an ideological co
Page 81 and 82:
defence sector. The consumer price
Page 83 and 84:
economic, social, cultural and spir
Page 85 and 86:
28 November 1937 for a ban on Freem
Page 87 and 88:
Supreme Commander - the General - a
Page 89 and 90:
The phases of the war Hitler hoped
Page 91 and 92:
Bircher sending Swiss doctors to th
Page 93 and 94:
The victorious powers were in agree
Page 95 and 96:
on 7 March 1945: «after the ‹Rus
Page 97 and 98:
significantly bogged down after 194
Page 99 and 100:
18 There are no recent studies on G
Page 101 and 102:
73 See Imhof/Ettinger/Boller, Flüc
Page 103:
126 Stucki’s speech on 12 Februar
Page 106 and 107:
papers, had to go back to France. T
Page 108 and 109:
Increased persecution of Jews and i
Page 110 and 111:
created a legal basis for the pract
Page 112 and 113:
to supervise the internees, to meet
Page 114 and 115:
discourage refugee smugglers and th
Page 116 and 117:
Nazi regime were forced to leave as
Page 118 and 119:
times in the statistics concerning
Page 120 and 121:
deal of information circulated thro
Page 122 and 123:
defensive system that led to restri
Page 124 and 125:
consequences - as well as from the
Page 126 and 127:
epeatedly as justification. At the
Page 128 and 129:
even betrayed in the face of the Ge
Page 130 and 131:
situation. 83 As was customary, the
Page 132 and 133:
The immense popularity of Swiss aid
Page 134 and 135:
admission of illegal «French, Span
Page 136 and 137:
the decisions made. As far as refug
Page 138 and 139:
with the authorities in individual
Page 140 and 141:
The main role played by the church
Page 142 and 143:
with Switzerland and other countrie
Page 144 and 145:
and resulted in improving in the fl
Page 146 and 147:
occupied areas as well as taking in
Page 148 and 149:
war in particular, tension arose be
Page 150 and 151:
claim they were wealthy in order to
Page 152 and 153:
sight of the German border police t
Page 154 and 155:
of the war, the Federal Political D
Page 156 and 157:
would be estranged from their famil
Page 158 and 159:
country were subjected, was finally
Page 160 and 161:
egard to the post-war period - favo
Page 162 and 163:
the export of foreign currency and
Page 164 and 165:
post-war period through «humanitar
Page 166 and 167:
Federal Council’s delegate for in
Page 168 and 169:
taken seriously. It was not until 1
Page 170 and 171:
25 Ludwig, Flüchtlingspolitik, 195
Page 172 and 173:
67 See Häsler, Boot, 1971, pp. 275
Page 174 and 175:
113 Narbel, Eglises, 2001. Study un
Page 176 and 177:
162 With reference to the first cam
Page 178 and 179:
approaches to a critical debate abo
Page 180 and 181:
But there was more to Swiss objecti
Page 182 and 183:
transition to economic warfare as o
Page 184 and 185:
that this important economic potent
Page 186 and 187:
market became much more important a
Page 188 and 189:
members of the management. In any c
Page 190 and 191:
machine tools and aluminium the con
Page 192 and 193:
to obtain only limited supplies, if
Page 194 and 195:
of the various areas of economic ex
Page 196 and 197:
«The nations which are today fight
Page 198 and 199:
11 Vereinigung des Schweizerischen
Page 200 and 201:
4.2 The Armaments Industry and the
Page 202 and 203:
Table 2: Export permits issued for
Page 204 and 205:
International tolerance of and cond
Page 206 and 207:
acquired what it needed from abroad
Page 208 and 209:
military expenditure in Switzerland
Page 210 and 211:
32 light machine gun and the MG 34
Page 212 and 213:
the disastrous situation with regar
Page 214 and 215:
In summer 1940, the Swiss diplomacy
Page 216 and 217:
important of these was the Dixi-Jun
Page 218 and 219:
Whether the contribution of Swiss e
Page 220 and 221:
4.3 Electricity The authorities of
Page 222 and 223:
closer to the Swiss electricity gen
Page 224 and 225:
provided by Switzerland to the Axis
Page 226 and 227:
Passenger transport In recent years
Page 228 and 229:
a day passed through the Gotthard T
Page 230 and 231:
Table 4: A few examples of transit
Page 232 and 233:
to ensure that the volume of suspic
Page 234 and 235:
- first Italy, then Germany - were
Page 236 and 237:
Closing remarks The aim of this sec
Page 238 and 239:
4.5 Gold Transactions During the Se
Page 240 and 241:
on 7 December 1942, when the Federa
Page 242 and 243:
shipped to Switzerland even during
Page 244 and 245:
lished two different dollar categor
Page 246 and 247:
icance of these transactions on the
Page 248 and 249:
their gold transactions and positiv
Page 250 and 251:
customers (such as the Reichsbank)
Page 252 and 253:
corporations could therefore not co
Page 254 and 255:
11 Banken, Degussa, 1999. 12 SNB Ar
Page 256 and 257:
Figure 5: Balance-sheet totals of S
Page 258 and 259:
phenomenon. Having such a well-esta
Page 260 and 261:
the Geneva bank had to be liquidate
Page 262 and 263:
the Swiss institutions was the guar
Page 264 and 265:
esumption of debt service and were
Page 266 and 267:
position they were still prepared a
Page 268 and 269:
The banks provided Germany with oth
Page 270 and 271:
of Swiss ownership, others without
Page 272 and 273:
from Germany. The corresponding fig
Page 274 and 275:
the certification procedure had dam
Page 276 and 277:
owners. In cases where the company
Page 278 and 279:
1 This section is principally based
Page 280 and 281:
4.7 Swiss Insurance Companies in Ge
Page 282 and 283:
1934 and 1939, which decreased slig
Page 284 and 285:
1936 and in Frankfurt in 1939. Rent
Page 286 and 287:
- were able to withstand this «Ger
Page 288 and 289:
Did this anti-Semitism spill across
Page 290 and 291:
In cases where foreign exchange pol
Page 292 and 293:
In Switzerland, insurance policies
Page 294 and 295:
the German economy was to an ever-i
Page 296 and 297:
Swiss-German border, and these firm
Page 298 and 299:
leading figures in the Nazi regime
Page 300 and 301:
which, once peace returned, would b
Page 302 and 303:
independently. They backed this up
Page 304 and 305:
egime. The same was the case for th
Page 306 and 307:
options: either the «Generalgouver
Page 308 and 309:
ities such as synthetic silks (Lonz
Page 310 and 311:
6 Burrin, France, 1995, pp. 468f. 7
Page 312 and 313:
Phases and extent of the use of for
Page 314 and 315:
Table 7: Proportion of foreign work
Page 316 and 317:
Fischer, the Aluminium-Walzwerke Si
Page 318 and 319:
At Lonza, the Board Committee knew
Page 320 and 321:
10 Quoted from Herbert, Fremdarbeit
Page 322 and 323:
if the owner or the personally liab
Page 324 and 325:
improving their position in the Ger
Page 326 and 327:
their shareholders; according to a
Page 328 and 329:
Willstätter to emigrate to Switzer
Page 330 and 331:
of 193, not including «half-Jews»
Page 332 and 333:
As a major manufacturer, Bally Wien
Page 334 and 335:
their intention was to sell the thr
Page 336 and 337:
December 1933 started negotiations
Page 338 and 339:
were of the opinion that the admini
Page 340 and 341:
ments and common international laws
Page 342 and 343:
The Swiss authorities were prepared
Page 344 and 345:
24 With reference to what follows,
Page 346 and 347:
70 After the «Anschluss», Austria
Page 348 and 349:
and irreplaceable; they are artefac
Page 350 and 351:
Another channel for the transfer of
Page 352 and 353:
In the case of Fides, five sub-cate
Page 354 and 355:
«Switzerland plays a significant r
Page 356 and 357:
was merely the first phase leading
Page 358 and 359:
Case study: Curt Glaser - «I put t
Page 360 and 361:
His art collection and art library
Page 362 and 363:
well-known event is the «official
Page 364 and 365:
Out of a total of around 20,000 con
Page 366 and 367:
4 The following comments are based
Page 368 and 369:
4.12 German Camouflage and Relocati
Page 370 and 371:
documentation developed out of the
Page 372 and 373:
ank collapses in the summer of 1931
Page 374 and 375:
British branch out of the Netherlan
Page 376 and 377:
interests of Switzerland. However,
Page 378 and 379:
its former Swiss holding company mu
Page 380 and 381:
spring 1944, as had already happene
Page 382 and 383:
SS member Helmuth Maurer and the Zu
Page 384 and 385:
economy syndicate in Switzerland, P
Page 386 and 387:
Figures and Legends As a result of
Page 388 and 389:
comply with the duty, established b
Page 390 and 391:
25 On the «Red House» conference,
Page 392 and 393:
emergency plenary powers). This «e
Page 394 and 395:
provide for emergency powers for th
Page 396 and 397:
In terms of international law, Swit
Page 398 and 399:
those concerned, the rigorous separ
Page 400 and 401:
opinion which had been commissioned
Page 402 and 403:
material. This duty of equal treatm
Page 404 and 405:
the systematic plundering of privat
Page 406 and 407:
orne in mind in this context that i
Page 408 and 409:
securities described above. 104 Her
Page 410 and 411:
international law is applicable if
Page 412 and 413:
Heynau’s petition against the Olm
Page 414 and 415:
cation of Nazi injustice. This feel
Page 416 and 417:
27 This included not only «politic
Page 418 and 419:
66 Schindler, Fragen, 2001 (Publica
Page 420 and 421:
106 Vischer, Handel, 2001 (Publicat
Page 422 and 423:
142 After the war, the German crimi
Page 424 and 425:
concerned, it was stated that «ind
Page 426 and 427:
actions] assets in such countries o
Page 428 and 429:
eplaced it with «Wiedergutmachung
Page 430 and 431:
individual. 23 Reparations do not i
Page 432 and 433:
6.2 Restitution Claims in Switzerla
Page 434 and 435:
commission concluded that investiga
Page 436 and 437:
prevented numerous claimants from m
Page 438 and 439:
advantage for Switzerland was that
Page 440 and 441:
was also justified by the argument
Page 442 and 443:
vention of international law carrie
Page 444 and 445:
transfer instructions received from
Page 446 and 447:
e «never to mention the entire aff
Page 448 and 449:
in question. Often, therefore, inve
Page 450 and 451:
The Cold War and agreements with Po
Page 452 and 453:
hensive survey to be carried out an
Page 454 and 455:
of which 1.7 million francs came fr
Page 456 and 457:
Learning processes of the 1990s In
Page 458 and 459:
Table 8: Restitution proceedings ag
Page 460 and 461:
Germany at that time, or were depor
Page 462 and 463:
Judges at that time also had proble
Page 464 and 465:
policies belonging to Jews who rema
Page 466 and 467:
the International Commission of Hol
Page 468 and 469:
international law and it had theref
Page 470 and 471:
as many cases as possible by amicab
Page 472 and 473:
under duress to be between 50 and 1
Page 474 and 475:
Table 9: Restitution claims involvi
Page 476 and 477:
Restitution claims after 1947 After
Page 478 and 479:
ook with the title «Vénus de Cyr
Page 480 and 481:
camouflaging. After the Allied occu
Page 482 and 483:
elief that relations would continue
Page 484 and 485:
group of companies was not a tradit
Page 486 and 487: communities in Switzerland supporte
Page 488 and 489: 44 Letter from the three leaders of
Page 490 and 491: 94 Investigations carried out by th
Page 492 and 493: 139 FA, E 2001 (E) 1970/217, vol. 2
Page 494 and 495: Switzerland?» can be found in the
Page 496 and 497: French-speaking Switzerland called
Page 498 and 499: conformist tendencies, served only
Page 500 and 501: different type of conduct displayed
Page 502 and 503: also in more recent legal proceedin
Page 504 and 505: Discussions about the high level of
Page 506 and 507: this kind would be abrogated after
Page 508 and 509: State and private business. This ha
Page 510 and 511: tutional rights of Switzerland’s
Page 512 and 513: The task of the Commission did not
Page 514 and 515: The defensive attitude of private b
Page 516 and 517: much which would have failed to bec
Page 518 and 519: seemed to function outside establis
Page 520 and 521: spectre of a renewed post-war crisi
Page 522 and 523: «Axis» under the terms of the cle
Page 524 and 525: dissuasion in the broadest possible
Page 527 and 528: Sources and Bibliography The follow
Page 529 and 530: SVB (Schweizerische Volksbank) Fund
Page 531 and 532: Federal Department of Justice and P
Page 533 and 534: 2.3 USA National Archives and Recor
Page 535: - Zweiter Weltkrieg (ed.): Die Schw
Page 539 and 540: mémoire en construction, in: Allge
Page 541 and 542: Bloch, Marc: Apologie der Geschicht
Page 543 and 544: Erster und Zweiter Weltkrieg. Demok
Page 545 and 546: Arbeitskreises «Zweiter Weltkrieg
Page 547 and 548: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Ge
Page 549 and 550: Haab, Robert; Simonius, August: Art
Page 551 and 552: Volkswirtschafts-Departementes, ed.
Page 553 and 554: des réfugiés entre 1933 et 1945.
Page 555 and 556: Kunz, Hans Beat: Weltrevolution und
Page 557 and 558: Lüthy, Herbert: Die Disteln von 19
Page 559 and 560: Vonarb, Zurich 1995 (Archäologie u
Page 561 and 562: Radbruch, Gustav: Gesetzliches Unre
Page 563 and 564: Schumann, Wolfgang: Die wirtschafts
Page 565 and 566: Stutz, Hans: Frontisten und Nationa
Page 567 and 568: Waeger, Gerhart: Die Sündenböcke
Page 569 and 570: Zuschlag, Christoph: Die Ausstellun
Page 571 and 572: Lussy Hanspeter Marden Matthew D. M
Page 573 and 574: Ball, Alexander, 473, 474 Ball, Ric
Page 575 and 576: Budge, Emma, 356 Bührle, cf. Oerli
Page 577 and 578: Dynamit Nobel AG, Bratislava, 266 E
Page 579 and 580: Grosz, George, 51 Grüninger, Paul,
Page 581 and 582: Jezler, Robert, 113, 156 Jöhr, Ado
Page 583 and 584: Maggi GmbH, Singen, 295, 297, 300,
Page 585 and 586: Papen, Franz von, 381 Parfümeriewa
Page 587 and 588:
Schenker, Alois, 139 Schering AG, B
Page 589 and 590:
Sturzenegger, cf. Bank Sturzenegger
Page 591:
Wartmann, Wilhelm, 358 Weber, Ernst
Page 594 and 595:
Volume 6 Geschäfte und Zwangsarbei
Page 596 and 597:
Volume 16 Die Schweiz und die Goldt
show all

61340 Vorabseiten_e - Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?