PhylogÃ©nie Et Evolution Du Comportement Social Chez Les Blattes ...

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Ev o l u t i o n d u c o m p o r t e m e n t s o c i a lresponders revealed that interactions in P.b. are not symmetrical, contrary to interactions inthe four other species. Except few behavioral acts like “approach” or “kick”, acts are ratherspecific to the initiator of the interaction or the responder in P.b.: thus, initiators displayedmuch more dominance-like behaviors (“climb”) whereas responders displayed moreavoiding behaviors (“body leaning”, “crouch” or “move back”). A cause or a consequenceof subsociality could be the establishment of a dominance hierarchy within the population.Such hierarchy would explain the agonistic acts observed in P.b. (“kick” and “butt”) andthe asymmetrical interactions (Bell et al., 1979; Gautier and Forasté, 1982). However, thishypothesis needs to be tested in future analyses, especially with respect to another possiblecause: the evolution toward living in wood galleries where individual interactions are stronglyconstrained and possibly reduced by the immediate environment.Because T.a. is the only known solitary species which can be compared to gregariousspecies in the subfamily Zetoborinae, the generalization of these results is difficult and shouldbe achieved in the future when comparing solitary and gregarious species from the relatedsubfamilies Blaberinae, Gyninae and Diplopterinae (Grandcolas, 1993b, 1997c, 1998b;Pellens et al., 2007a, 2007b; in prep.). The morphological phylogeny of this group, recentlycorroborated by molecular studies, indicates that solitariness evolved as a reversal from anancestral gregarism, while the ancestral habitat (ground litter) was conserved only in thesolitary species (Grandcolas, 1997b, 1998b; Pellens et al., 2007a, 2007b). Does this reversedcondition in the behavior of T.a. explain the weak behavioral differences with gregariousspecies? Additional studies are needed to substantiate such a hypothesis of phylogeneticinertia. Ancestral solitariness should be documented in another clade and compared withsolitariness issued from an evolutionary reversal. But ancestral solitariness could be rare incockroaches because of egg clustering in oothecae and subsequent larval aggregation at broodbirth which may have favored evolution toward gregarism (Grandcolas, 1996).A final question concerns the role of communication in gregarious cockroach larvae:what kind of information is transmitted between the members of groups? This informationmay be relevant for group recognition, helping cockroaches to maintain stable aggregations(Wileyto et al., 1984; Rivault and Cloarec, 1998; Ame et al., 2004). It may also be used in326
An n e x e ssome anti-predator group behavior by P.n. whose closely aggregated larvae escape furtherfrom the group when disturbed (Grandcolas, 1991). Because anti-predator behavior hasbeen inferred as a factor promoting social behavior in the clade comprising the Zetoborinaesubfamily (Grandcolas, 1998b), this last role is especially worth of consideration and will beanalyzed in future studies.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis study has been developed in the course of a PhD granted by Ministère de laRecherche to Frédéric Legendre. This work has benefited from the invaluable help of PierreDeleporte and from the assistance of the late Jean-Yves Gautier. We are indebted to PierreDeleporte, Cyrille D’Haese, Colette Rivault, Tony Robillard, Joan van Baaren and JohnWenzel for their comments on the manuscript.327
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UFR des Sciences de la VieEcole Doc
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Je remercie toutes les personnes av
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Ta b l e d e s Mat i è r e sRe m e
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Données moléculaires sans les sé
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Ch a p i t r e V : Di s c u s s i o
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Figure 3.10 : Analyse cladistique d
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Li s t e d e s Ta b l e au xTableau
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In t r o d u c t i o nNothing in bi
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Ev o l u t i o n d u c o m p o r t
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I. An a ly s e d u c o n t e x t e
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II. Mat é r i e l s e t m é t h o
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ABCDEGHFJIK
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III. Réversibilité, c o n t r a i
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CHAPITRE IVEv o l u t i o n d e s c
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V. Dis c u s s ion g é n é r a l
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Ré f é r e n c e s b i b l i o g
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ANNEXE IDéf i n i t i o n s deq u
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Page 307 and 308: An n e x e sThe comparison of the t
Page 309 and 310: An n e x e sDefining and including
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Page 313 and 314: An n e x e sGautier JY, Deleporte P
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Page 317 and 318: An n e x e sWenzel JW. 1993. Applic
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Page 323 and 324: An n e x e sPhortioeca nimbataP.n.
Page 325 and 326: An n e x e sSchultesia lampyridifor
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Page 329: An n e x e sAnalysis AEublaberus di
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ANNEXE VICom m a n d e s de s an a
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An n e x e sCommandes relatives à
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ANNEXE XIICur r i c u l u m Vi t a
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An n e x e s
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An n e x e s
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Ré s u m éPh y l o g é n i e e t
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PhylogÃ©nie Et Evolution Du Comportement Social Chez Les Blattes ...

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