Literature review for - Flourish Paediatrics

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disinfection protocols were evaluated. Rinsing with soapy water followed by tap water was the most effective cleaning method and reduced pathogen load in the low and high inoculum groups. Submersion in 50 ppm hypochlorite solution for 30 minutes resulted in no identifiable pathogens among the bottles. This result was comparable to boiling. When combined with hand-washing, use of safe water, and appropriate storage of prepared infant formula, these simple, inexpensive practices could improve the microbiological safety of infant formula feeding in less developed settings. USA Preparation of formula Labiner-Wolfe (Labiner-Wolfe, Fein et al. 2008) Results from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II The majority of formula-feeding mothers did not receive instruction on formula preparation (77%) or storage (73%) from a health professional. Thirty percent did not read some of the safe-use directions on the formula package label; an approximately equal percentage (38%) thought that both powdered (which is not sterile) and ready-to-feed (which is sterile) formula were unlikely to contain germs; and 85% believed that following safe-storage directions was very important. Among the mothers of the youngest infants analysed, 55% did not always wash their hands with soap before preparing infant formula, 32% did not adequately wash bottle nipples between uses, 35% heated formula bottles in a microwave oven, and 6% did not always discard formula left standing for more than 2 hours. The prevalence of these unsafe practices was similar among mothers of older infants. No consistent pattern of maternal characteristics was associated with unsafe practices. Conclusions: Many mothers do not follow safe practices when preparing infant formula. Additional research is needed to understand why more mothers do not follow safe formulahandling recommendations. SLR on Infant Formula Errors (Lakshman, Ogilvie et al. 2009) Results: Six qualitative studies and 17 quantitative studies (involving 13 263 participants) were included. Despite wide differences in study design, context, focus and quality, several consistent themes emerged. Mothers who bottle-fed their babies experienced negative emotions such as guilt, anger, worry, uncertainty and a sense of failure. Mothers reported receiving little 365
information on bottle-feeding and did not feel empowered to make decisions. Mistakes in preparation of bottle-feeds were common. Lakshman and colleagues were unable to find any studies that examined how mothers made decisions about the frequency or quantity of bottle feeds. This is obviously a serious deficiency in the knowledge base. 11. Bottled Water Bottled Water has not previously been recommended in Australia, mainly because it has not been fluoridated. However in the UK it is regarded as safe (Osborn and Lyons 2010). There are environmental issues with recommending the use of bottled water. 12. Formula Preparation There have been revised recommendations on temperatures and preparation from WHO (WHO 2007) Infant Formula Manufacturers of Australia (now the Infant Nutrition Council) Food Standards Authority (UK) European Food Standards Authority (safety of powdered formula) CDC 13. Storage of Infant Formula The current recommendation of the manufacturers of infant formula is that and feed left in a bottle be discarded and not stored. 366
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Infant Feeding Guidelines for Healt
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One of the responses of the Austral
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Table of Contents Introduction ....
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Goat’s milk .....................
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period of this review will generall
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Infant formula - Preparation, use a
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Protein levels of infant formula. F
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a. Will the use of a heavier refere
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Time to first feed and breastfeedin
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controlled for in multivariate logi
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the baby, or for suturing the mothe
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Impact of delivery method on breast
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Studies used to make evidence state
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For those who were fully breastfeed
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Effect on risk 0.56-0.88) Assisted
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significant Breastfeeding initiatio
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Results Adj OR never breastfed Assi
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Birth weight and breastfeeding If t
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3500-3999 vs 3000-3499 1.00 (95% CI
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Population/study information Perth,
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Any breastfeeding duration No adjOR
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cohort study reported no associatio
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Results [8] Intro of formula at 4 w
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Clinical 1 1 1 importance Clinical
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6. If mother-baby separation is una
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Studies reviewed to make evidence s
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Reference Scott JA, Binns CW, Oddy
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Effect on risk There was no associa
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infant Clinical 1 1 1 4 importance
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Reference Qiu et al Asia Pac J Clin
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Social support (other than fathers)
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pregnancy interventions on breastfe
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Reference Scott JA, Landers MCG, Hu
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weeks, 3 months & 6 months postpart
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Quality P O P Results Breastfeeding
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analysis analysis Effect on risk No
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Location (rural vs urban) and breas
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Effect on risk New Territories not
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Socioeconomic status Sufficient evi
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Quality P P O P Results Adj OR any
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Whether the mechanism for this asso
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obesity and infant feeding intentio
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Parity and Breastfeeding Parity has
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Quality P P P P Results No signific
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discharge. Quality P P P P Results
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Effect on risk There was not associ
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Effect on risk No effect of parity
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For Australian mothers 5 studies fo
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25-29 1.710 (1.085, 2.698) ≤24 1.
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30-34: 0.87 (95%CI 0.64-1.18) Adjus
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Clinical 1 2 1 relevance Generalisa
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Reference Binns CW, Gilchrist D, Gr
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Population/study information Infant
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Intervention/ comparator 40 years v
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Maternal education and breastfeedin
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Page 119 and 120:
Effect on risk Mothers who complete
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significant independent association
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Demand feeding, Rooming in and brea
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Effect on risk There was no signifi
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1991. Quality P P P P Results No sp
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Cultural differences on Exercise an
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During pregnancy, women should avoi
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findings of this study support the
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
N 14 countries 3032 17 359 singleto
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8. Encourage breastfeeding on deman
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Breastfeeding and SIDS BREASTFEEDIN
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descriptive) RESULTS Outcome EXTERN
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Additional Notes 1. Clinical Eviden
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Use of Pacifiers for the Prevention
Page 151 and 152:
American Academy of Pediatrics Poli
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Parslow et al. 2004). In addition,
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
N Population/study information 570
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Both the Baby Friendly Hospital Ini
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lanolin, aerosol spray, ointment, f
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Incidence of nipple pain/trauma No
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Effect on risk Sore nipples, althou
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Systemic antibiotics are recommende
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Results Routine Care Versus Heat Ve
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anticipatory guidance with regard t
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In a cohort of 280 mother-infant pa
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months in 1987-9. Completed two wri
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Population/study information Sample
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Nipple Shield Use Search results Th
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Other Nipple Problems Eczema and De
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Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nippl
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Table. Management of breastmilk ins
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Effect on risk Factor analysis sugg
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Definition of breastfeeding Interve
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Reference Hurley et al. 2008 Gatti
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y test-weighing) Clinical 1 1 1 imp
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Engorgement of the Breast Search re
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more frequently prior to the recurr
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Page 203 and 204:
Reference Mangesi & Dowswell 2010 C
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Inflammatory conditions of the brea
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Three studies reported on the occur
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In the management of mastitis, the
Page 211 and 212:
Quality 0 0 P Results The cumulativ
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was an intention to breastfeed. Par
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Level of evidence I (a) I (aetiolog
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Further adequately powered research
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Applicability Satisfactory Results
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Page 223 and 224:
Reference Kvist et al. 2007 Kvist e
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egarding aspiration technique Effec
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Many epidemiological studies have d
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normal functioning (Horowitz and Go
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• Ask mothers if they are losing
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Page 235 and 236:
the first 3 months postpartum, with
Page 237 and 238:
Effect on risk This variability is
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In a US study of 802 women they fou
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Studies used to determine the risk
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A predictive relationship was consi
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The effect size of social support i
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weeks of delivery Four validated se
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growth faltering N > 22,000 929 chi
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Breast Refusal Search results The i
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Prevalence Rates of Excessive Cryin
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Regurgitation, gastroesophageal ref
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(Dwyer and Ponsonby 2009). Medicati
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ultrasonically. Real time ultrasoni
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Reference Heine et al. (2006) Cheri
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There was no significant associatio
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positioning strategies. The treatme
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Reference van Wijk et al. (2007) Co
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Generalisability Y Y- Italy Y Appli
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myenteric plexus Quality P P N Resu
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comparator N Population/study infor
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Effect on risk There were fewer adv
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Component Rating Notes Evidence Bas
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and/or difficulty of the baby latch
Page 283 and 284:
Reference Dollberg et al. 2006 Srin
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Effect on risk Frenotomy alleviates
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Studies used to make the statement
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Notes on postpartum weight loss Ip
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Main results: Twelve studies met th
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Storage of Expressed Breastmilk Wha
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4. Storage of Expressed Breastmilk
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Expression and Breastfeeding durati
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duration) Clinical 1 1 1 importance
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VI Breastfeeding in specific situat
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Mothers currently using illicit dru
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Summary of the evidence The effect
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showing a negative association with
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Population/study information breast
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Effect on risk response relationshi
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pregnancy Quality P P P P Results A
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Reference Forster DA, McLachlan HL
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who did not stop smoking. duration
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-1, 5) Not breastfeeding: 1% (95% C
Page 321 and 322: ≥6 vs non-smoker Adj OR (95%CI) n
Page 323 and 324: Larger hospitals - mothers recruite
Page 325 and 326: The Merck Manual online version als
Page 327 and 328: Sufficient evidence was found to ma
Page 329 and 330: Does return to work negatively affe
Page 331 and 332: Returned to work (
Page 333 and 334: N [5] 2079 of 3670 questionnaires r
Page 335 and 336: Reference [1] Forster DA, McLachlan
Page 337 and 338: technical 0.32 (95%CI 0.25-0.42) Se
Page 339 and 340: Reference Scott JA, Aitkin I, Binns
Page 341 and 342: Contraception and Breastfeeding The
Page 343 and 344: Authors’ conclusions: Postpartum
Page 345 and 346: ich countries where there it is aff
Page 347 and 348: eview by (Bulteel and Henderson 200
Page 349 and 350: Galactosaemia in Infants Search res
Page 351 and 352: of birth. Every effort should be ma
Page 353 and 354: Hepatitis C and HIV co-infected mot
Page 355 and 356: Studies used to make evidence state
Page 357 and 358: significantly affect HCV transmissi
Page 359 and 360: The PKU handbook includes the follo
Page 361 and 362: Tuberculosis and Breastfeeding Sear
Page 363 and 364: Syphillis in Breastfeeding Mothers
Page 365 and 366: paediatricians (Australian College
Page 367 and 368: the Cochrane Central Register of Co
Page 369 and 370: Objectives: To determine the effect
Page 371: Objectives: In newborn infants with
Page 375 and 376: Cow’s Milk Search results The ini
Page 377 and 378: The SLR by Wijndaele and colleagues
Page 379 and 380: infants were fed formula for 1 mont
Page 381 and 382: Studies used to make evidence state
Page 383 and 384: Quality 0 (No to 6.2 and 7.4 P P 0
Page 385 and 386: Reference Conn et al. 2009 Couper e
Page 387 and 388: eastfed Fe intake was inadequate fo
Page 389 and 390: England. After the birth, a short q
Page 391 and 392: food weighing (BM: n =21; BCM: n =
Page 393 and 394: Population/study information Sample
Page 395 and 396: positive stools upon cow milk feedi
Page 397 and 398: data were collected from the parent
Page 399 and 400: Applicability Y- Denmark Y - Vietna
Page 401 and 402: milk during infancy can result in s
Page 403 and 404: X Infant feeding and later Outcomes
Page 405 and 406: Overall quality assessment (Positiv
Page 407 and 408: finally recruited. Outcome measure
Page 409 and 410: Intervention Comparator N Populatio
Page 411 and 412: elevance Generalisability Y N Y App
Page 413 and 414: Current advice from the Australasia
Page 415 and 416: elevant food allergens altogether.
Page 417 and 418: 71. However, it should be recognise
Page 419 and 420: Obesity and infant feeding The dura
Page 421 and 422: ) Around six months c) Around six m
Page 423 and 424:
The Paediatrics & Child Health Divi
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Belarus found that during the perio
Page 427 and 428:
The American Academy of Pediatrics
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efore age 4 months was associated w
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isk of obesity at age 7 yrs. while
Page 433 and 434:
Effect on risk Positive Positive Ne
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Results Any breastfeeding reduced t
Page 437 and 438:
eastfeeding promotion intervention
Page 439 and 440:
Effect on risk Negative Negative Ne
Page 441 and 442:
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Additional Notes Horta: Meta-analys
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socioeconomic status strongly influ
Page 447 and 448:
Breastfeeding and Obesity Notes Whi
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Breastfeeding and Bowel Disease: Co
Page 451 and 452:
Notes on Coeliac Disease and IBD -
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This paper is not directly related
Page 455 and 456:
Table 1 Death rates from coronary a
Page 457 and 458:
Figure 1 Hazard ratios for coronary
Page 459 and 460:
These adaptations permanently ‘re
Page 461 and 462:
postnatal growth—programs to avoi
Page 463 and 464:
“Health care professional’ - a
Page 465 and 466:
7.3. No financial or material induc
Page 467 and 468:
Appendix 460
Page 469 and 470:
9 FISH (S1.1) Data was extracted fr
Page 471 and 472:
allergies. Assigned to n-3 egg, no
Page 473 and 474:
Table 13.1 Studies used to make evi
Page 475 and 476:
14 SUGARS (S1.1) SUGARS and DENTAL
Page 477 and 478:
Effect on risk (Increase/None /Prot
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Clinical importance Clinical releva
Page 483 and 484:
Population/study information [6] Ch
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
obesity (P=0.008) and 6.2-fold risk
Page 491 and 492:
quality and were both conducted in
Page 493 and 494:
associated with a decreased risk of
Page 495 and 496:
The systematic review was of very p
Page 497 and 498:
Effect on risk (0.45-76.85). (OR ra
Page 499 and 500:
excluded. from the Denver metropoli
Page 501 and 502:
21 DIETARY PATTERNS (U1.1) What die
Page 503 and 504:
Applicability Excellent Studies con
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or Neutral) plus descriptive) RESUL
Page 507 and 508:
Table 24.2 Summary used to make evi
Page 509 and 510:
Statistical analysis methods Overal
Page 511 and 512:
from 8 - 12 months (outcome three);
Page 513 and 514:
infants with low z-scores provided
Page 515 and 516:
Kajosaari 1983 and Oddy 1999 report
Page 517 and 518:
of upper respiratory infectionRR 0.
Page 519 and 520:
still be managed individually so th
Page 521 and 522:
Length of follow-up Outcome(s) meas
Page 523 and 524:
0.94 (95% CI 0.87 -1.01). Professio
Page 525 and 526:
Conclusion Additional professional
Page 527 and 528:
Outcome(s) measured INTERNAL VALIDI
Page 529 and 530:
Conclusion PIM is one of the most c
Page 531 and 532:
Table 24.3 Summary used to make evi
Page 533 and 534:
BREASTFEEDING AND SUDDEN INFANT DEA
Page 535 and 536:
RESULTS Outcome EXTERNAL VALIDITY G
Page 537 and 538:
ALCOHOL, CAFFEINE AND BREASTFEEDING
Page 539 and 540:
Table 26.1 Summary of studies to ma
Page 541 and 542:
SELENIUM AND BREASTFEEDING OUTCOMES
Page 543 and 544:
Table 26.2 Summary of studies used
Page 545 and 546:
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED BR
Page 547 and 548:
Total number of participants Popula
Page 549 and 550:
weight loss).Comparison one: contro
Page 551 and 552:
month) (outcome five). For the 8-12
Page 553 and 554:
study also provided data on head ci
Page 555 and 556:
found no reduction in risk of a pos
Page 557 and 558:
espiratory tract infection RR 1.07
Page 559 and 560:
Affiliation/so urce of funds Univer
Page 561 and 562:
Perceived Insufficient Milk (PIM) T
Page 563 and 564:
Overall quality assessment (Positiv
Page 565 and 566:
professional support to be effectiv
Page 567 and 568:
EXTERNAL VALIDITY Generalisabil ity
Page 569 and 570:
people together was specific to bre
Page 571 and 572:
References Abdulwadud Omar, A., & S
Page 573 and 574:
Gatti, L. 2008, "Maternal perceptio
Page 575 and 576:
Poole, J. A., Barriga, K., Leung, D
Page 577 and 578:
Monitoring Breastfeeding in Austral
Page 579 and 580:
Labiner-Wolfe, Judith, Sara B. Fein
Page 581 and 582:
Issues in selecting a growth refere
Page 583 and 584:
that breastfeeding, with exclusive
Page 585 and 586:
they noted that “during the first
Page 587 and 588:
lower percentiles (0.4 and 2 percen
Page 589 and 590:
Breastfeeding is an integral part o
Page 591 and 592:
Royal Australian College of General
Page 593 and 594:
feeding, the AAP firmly adheres to
Page 595 and 596:
If an infant is not breastfed, or i
Page 597 and 598:
Interventions to Promote Breastfeed
Page 599 and 600:
ethnicity or maternal age cannot be
Page 601 and 602:
three months, interventions involvi
Page 603 and 604:
Data Collection and Analysis: We us
Page 605 and 606:
Major Reviews of Infant Feeding 200
Page 607 and 608:
Proportion of adult smokers who hav
Page 609 and 610:
figures indicate that we have littl
Page 611 and 612:
Funding has also been allocated to
Page 613 and 614:
National Longitudinal Survey of Chi
Page 615 and 616:
608
Page 617 and 618:
infectious diseases. There is a lar
Page 619 and 620:
In Queensland, according to the 200
Page 621 and 622:
eastfeeding at 6 months were among
Page 623 and 624:
gestational age or who have experie
Page 625 and 626:
Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeedi
Page 627 and 628:
620
Page 629 and 630:
622
Page 631 and 632:
deficiency has also been associated
Page 633 and 634:
PAHO Guiding Principles for Complem
Page 635 and 636:
Breastfeeding Rates in Australia A
Page 637 and 638:
Population/ study information A tot
Page 639 and 640:
Population/ study information The s
Page 641 and 642:
Type of study Breastfee ding defini
Page 643 and 644:
References Abou-Dakn, M., A. Richar
Page 645 and 646:
Barclay, A. R., R. K. Russell, et a
Page 647 and 648:
Clark, P. M. (1998). "Programming o
Page 649 and 650:
Eglash, A. (2005). "ABM Protocol #8
Page 651 and 652:
Griffiths, D. M. (2004). "Do tongue
Page 653 and 654:
Howard, C. R., N. Lanphear, et al.
Page 655 and 656:
Labiner-Wolfe, J., S. B. Fein, et a
Page 657 and 658:
National Institute of Clinical Stud
Page 659 and 660:
Rasmussen, K. and C. Kjolhede (2004
Page 661 and 662:
Stettler, N. (2007). "Nature and st
Page 663 and 664:
Whitaker-Worth, D. L., V. Carlone,
Page 665 and 666:
INDEX A Abscess ...................
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