Literature review for - Flourish Paediatrics

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Data are sometimes reported as point prevalence and sometimes as period prevalence. Breastfeeding may be assessed using cohort studies of by cross sectional studies with results based only on the previous 24 hours. In some reports monitored for this review, breastfeeding history was assessed retrospectively up to 7 years previously and then related to present morbidity.
Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................... 9 I Encouraging and supporting breastfeeding in the Australian community ............................. 9 Breastfeeding as the physiological norm ............................................................................................ 9 Breastfeeding in Australia .................................................................................................................. 9 II Initiating, establishing and maintaining breastfeeding ............................................................. 9 Antenatal advice and Breastfeeding education for parents ................................................................. 9 Physiology of breastmilk and breastfeeding ....................................................................................... 9 Time to first feed and breastfeeding ................................................................................................. 10 Impact of delivery method on breastfeeding outcomes .................................................................... 16 Birth weight and breastfeeding ......................................................................................................... 28 Impact of Prelacteal Feeds on Breastfeeding Outcomes .................................................................. 35 Ethnicity and Breastfeeding .............................................................................................................. 43 Fathers and Breastfeeding ................................................................................................................ 49 Social support (other than fathers) and breastfeeding ...................................................................... 56 Infant Gender and Breastfeeding ...................................................................................................... 63 Infant health status and breastfeeding ............................................................................................... 69 Location (rural vs urban) and breastfeeding ..................................................................................... 72 Socioeconomic status ....................................................................................................................... 76 Impact of Maternal Obesity on Breastfeeding Outcomes ................................................................. 79 Parity and Breastfeeding ................................................................................................................... 84 Maternal age and breastfeeding ........................................................................................................ 93 Maternal education and breastfeeding outcomes ............................................................................ 108 III Breastfeeding: early days ......................................................................................................... 115 The natural patterns of breastfeeding ............................................................................................. 115 The sleepy infant ............................................................................................................................ 115 The unsettled infant ........................................................................................................................ 115 Exclusive breastfeeding .................................................................................................................. 115 Monitoring an infant’s progress ..................................................................................................... 115 Young mothers ............................................................................................................................... 115 Demand feeding, Rooming in and breastfeeding ........................................................................... 116 Exercise and Breastfeeding ............................................................................................................ 121 Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative and Breastfeeding Performance ................................................ 129 Breastfeeding and SIDS .................................................................................................................. 136 Use of Pacifiers for the Prevention of SIDS ................................................................................... 142 Use of Pacifiers and Breastfeeding Duration .................................................................................. 147 IV Breastfeeding: common problems and their management ................................................... 153 Hygiene ........................................................................................................................................... 153 Nipple Pain and trauma .................................................................................................................. 153 Nipple Variationns .......................................................................................................................... 167 Nipple Shield Use ........................................................................................................................... 174 Other Nipple Problems ................................................................................................................... 176
Page 1 and 2: Infant Feeding Guidelines for Healt
Page 3: One of the responses of the Austral
Page 7 and 8: Goat’s milk .....................
Page 9 and 10: period of this review will generall
Page 11 and 12: Infant formula - Preparation, use a
Page 13 and 14: Protein levels of infant formula. F
Page 15 and 16: a. Will the use of a heavier refere
Page 17 and 18: Time to first feed and breastfeedin
Page 19 and 20: controlled for in multivariate logi
Page 21 and 22: the baby, or for suturing the mothe
Page 23 and 24: Impact of delivery method on breast
Page 25 and 26: Studies used to make evidence state
Page 27 and 28: For those who were fully breastfeed
Page 29 and 30: Effect on risk 0.56-0.88) Assisted
Page 31 and 32: significant Breastfeeding initiatio
Page 33 and 34: Results Adj OR never breastfed Assi
Page 35 and 36: Birth weight and breastfeeding If t
Page 37 and 38: 3500-3999 vs 3000-3499 1.00 (95% CI
Page 39 and 40: Population/study information Perth,
Page 41 and 42: Any breastfeeding duration No adjOR
Page 43 and 44: cohort study reported no associatio
Page 45 and 46: Results [8] Intro of formula at 4 w
Page 47 and 48: Clinical 1 1 1 importance Clinical
Page 49 and 50: 6. If mother-baby separation is una
Page 51 and 52: Studies reviewed to make evidence s
Page 53 and 54: Reference Scott JA, Binns CW, Oddy
Page 55 and 56:
Effect on risk There was no associa
Page 57 and 58:
Studies used to make evidence state
Page 59 and 60:
infant Clinical 1 1 1 4 importance
Page 61 and 62:
Reference Qiu et al Asia Pac J Clin
Page 63 and 64:
Social support (other than fathers)
Page 65 and 66:
pregnancy interventions on breastfe
Page 67 and 68:
Reference Scott JA, Landers MCG, Hu
Page 69 and 70:
weeks, 3 months & 6 months postpart
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Quality P O P Results Breastfeeding
Page 75 and 76:
analysis analysis Effect on risk No
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Location (rural vs urban) and breas
Page 81 and 82:
Effect on risk New Territories not
Page 83 and 84:
Socioeconomic status Sufficient evi
Page 85 and 86:
Quality P P O P Results Adj OR any
Page 87 and 88:
Whether the mechanism for this asso
Page 89 and 90:
obesity and infant feeding intentio
Page 91 and 92:
Parity and Breastfeeding Parity has
Page 93 and 94:
Quality P P P P Results No signific
Page 95 and 96:
discharge. Quality P P P P Results
Page 97 and 98:
Effect on risk There was not associ
Page 99 and 100:
Effect on risk No effect of parity
Page 101 and 102:
For Australian mothers 5 studies fo
Page 103 and 104:
25-29 1.710 (1.085, 2.698) ≤24 1.
Page 105 and 106:
30-34: 0.87 (95%CI 0.64-1.18) Adjus
Page 107 and 108:
Clinical 1 2 1 relevance Generalisa
Page 109 and 110:
Reference Binns CW, Gilchrist D, Gr
Page 111 and 112:
Population/study information Infant
Page 113 and 114:
Intervention/ comparator 40 years v
Page 115 and 116:
Maternal education and breastfeedin
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Effect on risk Mothers who complete
Page 121 and 122:
significant independent association
Page 123 and 124:
Demand feeding, Rooming in and brea
Page 125 and 126:
Effect on risk There was no signifi
Page 127 and 128:
1991. Quality P P P P Results No sp
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Cultural differences on Exercise an
Page 133 and 134:
During pregnancy, women should avoi
Page 135 and 136:
findings of this study support the
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
N 14 countries 3032 17 359 singleto
Page 141 and 142:
8. Encourage breastfeeding on deman
Page 143 and 144:
Breastfeeding and SIDS BREASTFEEDIN
Page 145 and 146:
descriptive) RESULTS Outcome EXTERN
Page 147 and 148:
Additional Notes 1. Clinical Eviden
Page 149 and 150:
Use of Pacifiers for the Prevention
Page 151 and 152:
American Academy of Pediatrics Poli
Page 153 and 154:
Parslow et al. 2004). In addition,
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
N Population/study information 570
Page 159 and 160:
Both the Baby Friendly Hospital Ini
Page 161 and 162:
lanolin, aerosol spray, ointment, f
Page 163 and 164:
Incidence of nipple pain/trauma No
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Effect on risk Sore nipples, althou
Page 169 and 170:
Systemic antibiotics are recommende
Page 171 and 172:
Results Routine Care Versus Heat Ve
Page 173 and 174:
anticipatory guidance with regard t
Page 175 and 176:
In a cohort of 280 mother-infant pa
Page 177 and 178:
months in 1987-9. Completed two wri
Page 179 and 180:
Population/study information Sample
Page 181 and 182:
Nipple Shield Use Search results Th
Page 183 and 184:
Other Nipple Problems Eczema and De
Page 185 and 186:
Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nippl
Page 187 and 188:
Table. Management of breastmilk ins
Page 189 and 190:
Effect on risk Factor analysis sugg
Page 191 and 192:
Definition of breastfeeding Interve
Page 193 and 194:
Reference Hurley et al. 2008 Gatti
Page 195 and 196:
y test-weighing) Clinical 1 1 1 imp
Page 197 and 198:
Engorgement of the Breast Search re
Page 199 and 200:
more frequently prior to the recurr
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Reference Mangesi & Dowswell 2010 C
Page 205 and 206:
Inflammatory conditions of the brea
Page 207 and 208:
Three studies reported on the occur
Page 209 and 210:
In the management of mastitis, the
Page 211 and 212:
Quality 0 0 P Results The cumulativ
Page 213 and 214:
was an intention to breastfeed. Par
Page 215 and 216:
Level of evidence I (a) I (aetiolog
Page 217 and 218:
Further adequately powered research
Page 219 and 220:
Applicability Satisfactory Results
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Reference Kvist et al. 2007 Kvist e
Page 225 and 226:
egarding aspiration technique Effec
Page 227 and 228:
Many epidemiological studies have d
Page 229 and 230:
normal functioning (Horowitz and Go
Page 231 and 232:
• Ask mothers if they are losing
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
the first 3 months postpartum, with
Page 237 and 238:
Effect on risk This variability is
Page 239 and 240:
In a US study of 802 women they fou
Page 241 and 242:
Studies used to determine the risk
Page 243 and 244:
A predictive relationship was consi
Page 245 and 246:
The effect size of social support i
Page 247 and 248:
weeks of delivery Four validated se
Page 249 and 250:
growth faltering N > 22,000 929 chi
Page 251 and 252:
Breast Refusal Search results The i
Page 253 and 254:
Prevalence Rates of Excessive Cryin
Page 255 and 256:
Regurgitation, gastroesophageal ref
Page 257 and 258:
(Dwyer and Ponsonby 2009). Medicati
Page 259 and 260:
ultrasonically. Real time ultrasoni
Page 261 and 262:
Reference Heine et al. (2006) Cheri
Page 263 and 264:
There was no significant associatio
Page 265 and 266:
positioning strategies. The treatme
Page 267 and 268:
Reference van Wijk et al. (2007) Co
Page 269 and 270:
Generalisability Y Y- Italy Y Appli
Page 271 and 272:
myenteric plexus Quality P P N Resu
Page 273 and 274:
comparator N Population/study infor
Page 275 and 276:
Effect on risk There were fewer adv
Page 277 and 278:
Component Rating Notes Evidence Bas
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
and/or difficulty of the baby latch
Page 283 and 284:
Reference Dollberg et al. 2006 Srin
Page 285 and 286:
Effect on risk Frenotomy alleviates
Page 287 and 288:
Studies used to make the statement
Page 289 and 290:
Notes on postpartum weight loss Ip
Page 291 and 292:
Main results: Twelve studies met th
Page 293 and 294:
Storage of Expressed Breastmilk Wha
Page 295 and 296:
4. Storage of Expressed Breastmilk
Page 297 and 298:
Expression and Breastfeeding durati
Page 299 and 300:
duration) Clinical 1 1 1 importance
Page 301 and 302:
VI Breastfeeding in specific situat
Page 303 and 304:
Mothers currently using illicit dru
Page 305 and 306:
Summary of the evidence The effect
Page 307 and 308:
showing a negative association with
Page 309 and 310:
Population/study information breast
Page 311 and 312:
Effect on risk response relationshi
Page 313 and 314:
pregnancy Quality P P P P Results A
Page 315 and 316:
Reference Forster DA, McLachlan HL
Page 317 and 318:
who did not stop smoking. duration
Page 319 and 320:
-1, 5) Not breastfeeding: 1% (95% C
Page 321 and 322:
≥6 vs non-smoker Adj OR (95%CI) n
Page 323 and 324:
Larger hospitals - mothers recruite
Page 325 and 326:
The Merck Manual online version als
Page 327 and 328:
Sufficient evidence was found to ma
Page 329 and 330:
Does return to work negatively affe
Page 331 and 332:
Returned to work (
Page 333 and 334:
N [5] 2079 of 3670 questionnaires r
Page 335 and 336:
Reference [1] Forster DA, McLachlan
Page 337 and 338:
technical 0.32 (95%CI 0.25-0.42) Se
Page 339 and 340:
Reference Scott JA, Aitkin I, Binns
Page 341 and 342:
Contraception and Breastfeeding The
Page 343 and 344:
Authors’ conclusions: Postpartum
Page 345 and 346:
ich countries where there it is aff
Page 347 and 348:
eview by (Bulteel and Henderson 200
Page 349 and 350:
Galactosaemia in Infants Search res
Page 351 and 352:
of birth. Every effort should be ma
Page 353 and 354:
Hepatitis C and HIV co-infected mot
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
significantly affect HCV transmissi
Page 359 and 360:
The PKU handbook includes the follo
Page 361 and 362:
Tuberculosis and Breastfeeding Sear
Page 363 and 364:
Syphillis in Breastfeeding Mothers
Page 365 and 366:
paediatricians (Australian College
Page 367 and 368:
the Cochrane Central Register of Co
Page 369 and 370:
Objectives: To determine the effect
Page 371 and 372:
Objectives: In newborn infants with
Page 373 and 374:
information on bottle-feeding and d
Page 375 and 376:
Cow’s Milk Search results The ini
Page 377 and 378:
The SLR by Wijndaele and colleagues
Page 379 and 380:
infants were fed formula for 1 mont
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Quality 0 (No to 6.2 and 7.4 P P 0
Page 385 and 386:
Reference Conn et al. 2009 Couper e
Page 387 and 388:
eastfed Fe intake was inadequate fo
Page 389 and 390:
England. After the birth, a short q
Page 391 and 392:
food weighing (BM: n =21; BCM: n =
Page 393 and 394:
Population/study information Sample
Page 395 and 396:
positive stools upon cow milk feedi
Page 397 and 398:
data were collected from the parent
Page 399 and 400:
Applicability Y- Denmark Y - Vietna
Page 401 and 402:
milk during infancy can result in s
Page 403 and 404:
X Infant feeding and later Outcomes
Page 405 and 406:
Overall quality assessment (Positiv
Page 407 and 408:
finally recruited. Outcome measure
Page 409 and 410:
Intervention Comparator N Populatio
Page 411 and 412:
elevance Generalisability Y N Y App
Page 413 and 414:
Current advice from the Australasia
Page 415 and 416:
elevant food allergens altogether.
Page 417 and 418:
71. However, it should be recognise
Page 419 and 420:
Obesity and infant feeding The dura
Page 421 and 422:
) Around six months c) Around six m
Page 423 and 424:
The Paediatrics & Child Health Divi
Page 425 and 426:
Belarus found that during the perio
Page 427 and 428:
The American Academy of Pediatrics
Page 429 and 430:
efore age 4 months was associated w
Page 431 and 432:
isk of obesity at age 7 yrs. while
Page 433 and 434:
Effect on risk Positive Positive Ne
Page 435 and 436:
Results Any breastfeeding reduced t
Page 437 and 438:
eastfeeding promotion intervention
Page 439 and 440:
Effect on risk Negative Negative Ne
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Additional Notes Horta: Meta-analys
Page 445 and 446:
socioeconomic status strongly influ
Page 447 and 448:
Breastfeeding and Obesity Notes Whi
Page 449 and 450:
Breastfeeding and Bowel Disease: Co
Page 451 and 452:
Notes on Coeliac Disease and IBD -
Page 453 and 454:
This paper is not directly related
Page 455 and 456:
Table 1 Death rates from coronary a
Page 457 and 458:
Figure 1 Hazard ratios for coronary
Page 459 and 460:
These adaptations permanently ‘re
Page 461 and 462:
postnatal growth—programs to avoi
Page 463 and 464:
“Health care professional’ - a
Page 465 and 466:
7.3. No financial or material induc
Page 467 and 468:
Appendix 460
Page 469 and 470:
9 FISH (S1.1) Data was extracted fr
Page 471 and 472:
allergies. Assigned to n-3 egg, no
Page 473 and 474:
Table 13.1 Studies used to make evi
Page 475 and 476:
14 SUGARS (S1.1) SUGARS and DENTAL
Page 477 and 478:
Effect on risk (Increase/None /Prot
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Clinical importance Clinical releva
Page 483 and 484:
Population/study information [6] Ch
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
obesity (P=0.008) and 6.2-fold risk
Page 491 and 492:
quality and were both conducted in
Page 493 and 494:
associated with a decreased risk of
Page 495 and 496:
The systematic review was of very p
Page 497 and 498:
Effect on risk (0.45-76.85). (OR ra
Page 499 and 500:
excluded. from the Denver metropoli
Page 501 and 502:
21 DIETARY PATTERNS (U1.1) What die
Page 503 and 504:
Applicability Excellent Studies con
Page 505 and 506:
or Neutral) plus descriptive) RESUL
Page 507 and 508:
Table 24.2 Summary used to make evi
Page 509 and 510:
Statistical analysis methods Overal
Page 511 and 512:
from 8 - 12 months (outcome three);
Page 513 and 514:
infants with low z-scores provided
Page 515 and 516:
Kajosaari 1983 and Oddy 1999 report
Page 517 and 518:
of upper respiratory infectionRR 0.
Page 519 and 520:
still be managed individually so th
Page 521 and 522:
Length of follow-up Outcome(s) meas
Page 523 and 524:
0.94 (95% CI 0.87 -1.01). Professio
Page 525 and 526:
Conclusion Additional professional
Page 527 and 528:
Outcome(s) measured INTERNAL VALIDI
Page 529 and 530:
Conclusion PIM is one of the most c
Page 531 and 532:
Table 24.3 Summary used to make evi
Page 533 and 534:
BREASTFEEDING AND SUDDEN INFANT DEA
Page 535 and 536:
RESULTS Outcome EXTERNAL VALIDITY G
Page 537 and 538:
ALCOHOL, CAFFEINE AND BREASTFEEDING
Page 539 and 540:
Table 26.1 Summary of studies to ma
Page 541 and 542:
SELENIUM AND BREASTFEEDING OUTCOMES
Page 543 and 544:
Table 26.2 Summary of studies used
Page 545 and 546:
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED BR
Page 547 and 548:
Total number of participants Popula
Page 549 and 550:
weight loss).Comparison one: contro
Page 551 and 552:
month) (outcome five). For the 8-12
Page 553 and 554:
study also provided data on head ci
Page 555 and 556:
found no reduction in risk of a pos
Page 557 and 558:
espiratory tract infection RR 1.07
Page 559 and 560:
Affiliation/so urce of funds Univer
Page 561 and 562:
Perceived Insufficient Milk (PIM) T
Page 563 and 564:
Overall quality assessment (Positiv
Page 565 and 566:
professional support to be effectiv
Page 567 and 568:
EXTERNAL VALIDITY Generalisabil ity
Page 569 and 570:
people together was specific to bre
Page 571 and 572:
References Abdulwadud Omar, A., & S
Page 573 and 574:
Gatti, L. 2008, "Maternal perceptio
Page 575 and 576:
Poole, J. A., Barriga, K., Leung, D
Page 577 and 578:
Monitoring Breastfeeding in Austral
Page 579 and 580:
Labiner-Wolfe, Judith, Sara B. Fein
Page 581 and 582:
Issues in selecting a growth refere
Page 583 and 584:
that breastfeeding, with exclusive
Page 585 and 586:
they noted that “during the first
Page 587 and 588:
lower percentiles (0.4 and 2 percen
Page 589 and 590:
Breastfeeding is an integral part o
Page 591 and 592:
Royal Australian College of General
Page 593 and 594:
feeding, the AAP firmly adheres to
Page 595 and 596:
If an infant is not breastfed, or i
Page 597 and 598:
Interventions to Promote Breastfeed
Page 599 and 600:
ethnicity or maternal age cannot be
Page 601 and 602:
three months, interventions involvi
Page 603 and 604:
Data Collection and Analysis: We us
Page 605 and 606:
Major Reviews of Infant Feeding 200
Page 607 and 608:
Proportion of adult smokers who hav
Page 609 and 610:
figures indicate that we have littl
Page 611 and 612:
Funding has also been allocated to
Page 613 and 614:
National Longitudinal Survey of Chi
Page 615 and 616:
608
Page 617 and 618:
infectious diseases. There is a lar
Page 619 and 620:
In Queensland, according to the 200
Page 621 and 622:
eastfeeding at 6 months were among
Page 623 and 624:
gestational age or who have experie
Page 625 and 626:
Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeedi
Page 627 and 628:
620
Page 629 and 630:
622
Page 631 and 632:
deficiency has also been associated
Page 633 and 634:
PAHO Guiding Principles for Complem
Page 635 and 636:
Breastfeeding Rates in Australia A
Page 637 and 638:
Population/ study information A tot
Page 639 and 640:
Population/ study information The s
Page 641 and 642:
Type of study Breastfee ding defini
Page 643 and 644:
References Abou-Dakn, M., A. Richar
Page 645 and 646:
Barclay, A. R., R. K. Russell, et a
Page 647 and 648:
Clark, P. M. (1998). "Programming o
Page 649 and 650:
Eglash, A. (2005). "ABM Protocol #8
Page 651 and 652:
Griffiths, D. M. (2004). "Do tongue
Page 653 and 654:
Howard, C. R., N. Lanphear, et al.
Page 655 and 656:
Labiner-Wolfe, J., S. B. Fein, et a
Page 657 and 658:
National Institute of Clinical Stud
Page 659 and 660:
Rasmussen, K. and C. Kjolhede (2004
Page 661 and 662:
Stettler, N. (2007). "Nature and st
Page 663 and 664:
Whitaker-Worth, D. L., V. Carlone,
Page 665 and 666:
INDEX A Abscess ...................
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