Literature review for - Flourish Paediatrics

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complementary breastfeeding and state-based data for exclusive breastfeeding are presented here. Nationally, of Indigenous children aged 1 year in 2004–05 in non-remote areas, an estimated 80% were breastfed (either exclusive or complementary) at less than 1 month of age, dropping to 62% and 48% at 4 and 6 months of age, respectively. The corresponding proportions for non-Indigenous infants were 88%, 58% and 52% (AIHW analysis of ABS 2004–05 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey). With regard to exclusive breastfeeding, according to the 2000–2002 Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey, over half (53%) of Indigenous infants aged less than 6 months were reported as being exclusively breastfed, dropping to 7% at age 6–11 months (Zubrick et al. 2004). According to the 2005–06 New South Wales Population Health Survey, exclusive breastfeeding of children at 6 months of age was statistically significantly lower for infants with mothers – without tertiary qualifications (13% compared with 25% for those with tertiary qualifications) – living in the lowest socioeconomic status (SES) areas (11% compared with 26% for those in the highest SES areas) – aged younger than 25 years (9% compared with 17% for mothers aged 25 years and over) (Figure 9.2) (NSW Department of Health 2008). Employment and breastfeeding There is some evidence that a mother’s employment status and number of hours worked influences the initiation and duration of breastfeeding. Studies from the United Kingdom and the United States have found that mothers who plan on returning to work while their infant is relatively young are less likely to start breastfeeding than mothers who either do not return to work, or who plan on returning to work when the infant is older (Chatterji & Frick 2005; Hawkins et al. 2007; Noble & The ALSPAC Study Team 2001). It has also been found that mothers who initiate breastfeeding and return to work while the infant is young have a reduced duration of breastfeeding (Chatterji & Frick 2005). Australian research, based on the LSAC, found that women not in paid employment were more likely to breastfeed their infant at 6 months of age than employed women (56% compared with 39% and 44% of mothers working full and part time, respectively). The lowest rates of 613
eastfeeding at 6 months were among those where the mother resumed r full-time employment beforee 3 months (42%) or between 3 and 6 months (39%) (Cooklin et al. 2008). Data from the LSAC also show that the type of employment may influencee breastfeeding. Infants were more likely to be breastfed at 6 months of age if their mother was self-employed (58%), compared with permanent or casual employment (45% and 49%, respectively) (AIFS 2008). 614
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Infant Feeding Guidelines for Healt
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One of the responses of the Austral
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Table of Contents Introduction ....
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Goat’s milk .....................
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period of this review will generall
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Infant formula - Preparation, use a
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Protein levels of infant formula. F
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a. Will the use of a heavier refere
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Time to first feed and breastfeedin
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controlled for in multivariate logi
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the baby, or for suturing the mothe
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Impact of delivery method on breast
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Studies used to make evidence state
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For those who were fully breastfeed
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Effect on risk 0.56-0.88) Assisted
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significant Breastfeeding initiatio
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Results Adj OR never breastfed Assi
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Birth weight and breastfeeding If t
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3500-3999 vs 3000-3499 1.00 (95% CI
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Population/study information Perth,
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Any breastfeeding duration No adjOR
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cohort study reported no associatio
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Results [8] Intro of formula at 4 w
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Clinical 1 1 1 importance Clinical
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6. If mother-baby separation is una
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Studies reviewed to make evidence s
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Reference Scott JA, Binns CW, Oddy
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Effect on risk There was no associa
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infant Clinical 1 1 1 4 importance
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Reference Qiu et al Asia Pac J Clin
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Social support (other than fathers)
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pregnancy interventions on breastfe
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Reference Scott JA, Landers MCG, Hu
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weeks, 3 months & 6 months postpart
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Quality P O P Results Breastfeeding
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analysis analysis Effect on risk No
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Location (rural vs urban) and breas
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Effect on risk New Territories not
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Socioeconomic status Sufficient evi
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Quality P P O P Results Adj OR any
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Whether the mechanism for this asso
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obesity and infant feeding intentio
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Parity and Breastfeeding Parity has
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Quality P P P P Results No signific
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discharge. Quality P P P P Results
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Effect on risk There was not associ
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Effect on risk No effect of parity
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For Australian mothers 5 studies fo
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25-29 1.710 (1.085, 2.698) ≤24 1.
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30-34: 0.87 (95%CI 0.64-1.18) Adjus
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Clinical 1 2 1 relevance Generalisa
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Reference Binns CW, Gilchrist D, Gr
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Population/study information Infant
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Intervention/ comparator 40 years v
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Maternal education and breastfeedin
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Effect on risk Mothers who complete
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significant independent association
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Demand feeding, Rooming in and brea
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Effect on risk There was no signifi
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1991. Quality P P P P Results No sp
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Cultural differences on Exercise an
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During pregnancy, women should avoi
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findings of this study support the
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N 14 countries 3032 17 359 singleto
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8. Encourage breastfeeding on deman
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Breastfeeding and SIDS BREASTFEEDIN
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descriptive) RESULTS Outcome EXTERN
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Additional Notes 1. Clinical Eviden
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Use of Pacifiers for the Prevention
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American Academy of Pediatrics Poli
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Parslow et al. 2004). In addition,
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N Population/study information 570
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Both the Baby Friendly Hospital Ini
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lanolin, aerosol spray, ointment, f
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Incidence of nipple pain/trauma No
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Effect on risk Sore nipples, althou
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Systemic antibiotics are recommende
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Results Routine Care Versus Heat Ve
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anticipatory guidance with regard t
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In a cohort of 280 mother-infant pa
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months in 1987-9. Completed two wri
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Population/study information Sample
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Nipple Shield Use Search results Th
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Other Nipple Problems Eczema and De
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Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nippl
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Table. Management of breastmilk ins
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Effect on risk Factor analysis sugg
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Definition of breastfeeding Interve
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Reference Hurley et al. 2008 Gatti
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y test-weighing) Clinical 1 1 1 imp
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Engorgement of the Breast Search re
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more frequently prior to the recurr
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Reference Mangesi & Dowswell 2010 C
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Inflammatory conditions of the brea
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Three studies reported on the occur
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In the management of mastitis, the
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Quality 0 0 P Results The cumulativ
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was an intention to breastfeed. Par
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Level of evidence I (a) I (aetiolog
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Further adequately powered research
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Applicability Satisfactory Results
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Reference Kvist et al. 2007 Kvist e
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egarding aspiration technique Effec
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Many epidemiological studies have d
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normal functioning (Horowitz and Go
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• Ask mothers if they are losing
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the first 3 months postpartum, with
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Effect on risk This variability is
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In a US study of 802 women they fou
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Studies used to determine the risk
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A predictive relationship was consi
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The effect size of social support i
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weeks of delivery Four validated se
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growth faltering N > 22,000 929 chi
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Breast Refusal Search results The i
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Prevalence Rates of Excessive Cryin
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Regurgitation, gastroesophageal ref
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(Dwyer and Ponsonby 2009). Medicati
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ultrasonically. Real time ultrasoni
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Reference Heine et al. (2006) Cheri
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There was no significant associatio
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positioning strategies. The treatme
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Reference van Wijk et al. (2007) Co
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Generalisability Y Y- Italy Y Appli
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myenteric plexus Quality P P N Resu
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comparator N Population/study infor
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Effect on risk There were fewer adv
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Component Rating Notes Evidence Bas
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and/or difficulty of the baby latch
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Reference Dollberg et al. 2006 Srin
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Effect on risk Frenotomy alleviates
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Studies used to make the statement
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Notes on postpartum weight loss Ip
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Main results: Twelve studies met th
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Storage of Expressed Breastmilk Wha
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4. Storage of Expressed Breastmilk
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Expression and Breastfeeding durati
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duration) Clinical 1 1 1 importance
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VI Breastfeeding in specific situat
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Mothers currently using illicit dru
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Summary of the evidence The effect
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showing a negative association with
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Population/study information breast
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Effect on risk response relationshi
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pregnancy Quality P P P P Results A
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Reference Forster DA, McLachlan HL
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who did not stop smoking. duration
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-1, 5) Not breastfeeding: 1% (95% C
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≥6 vs non-smoker Adj OR (95%CI) n
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Larger hospitals - mothers recruite
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The Merck Manual online version als
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Sufficient evidence was found to ma
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Does return to work negatively affe
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Returned to work (
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N [5] 2079 of 3670 questionnaires r
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Reference [1] Forster DA, McLachlan
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technical 0.32 (95%CI 0.25-0.42) Se
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Reference Scott JA, Aitkin I, Binns
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Contraception and Breastfeeding The
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Authors’ conclusions: Postpartum
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ich countries where there it is aff
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eview by (Bulteel and Henderson 200
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Galactosaemia in Infants Search res
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of birth. Every effort should be ma
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Hepatitis C and HIV co-infected mot
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significantly affect HCV transmissi
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The PKU handbook includes the follo
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Tuberculosis and Breastfeeding Sear
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Syphillis in Breastfeeding Mothers
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paediatricians (Australian College
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the Cochrane Central Register of Co
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Objectives: To determine the effect
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Objectives: In newborn infants with
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information on bottle-feeding and d
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Cow’s Milk Search results The ini
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The SLR by Wijndaele and colleagues
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infants were fed formula for 1 mont
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Quality 0 (No to 6.2 and 7.4 P P 0
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Reference Conn et al. 2009 Couper e
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eastfed Fe intake was inadequate fo
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England. After the birth, a short q
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food weighing (BM: n =21; BCM: n =
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Population/study information Sample
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positive stools upon cow milk feedi
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data were collected from the parent
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Applicability Y- Denmark Y - Vietna
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milk during infancy can result in s
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X Infant feeding and later Outcomes
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Overall quality assessment (Positiv
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finally recruited. Outcome measure
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Intervention Comparator N Populatio
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elevance Generalisability Y N Y App
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Current advice from the Australasia
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elevant food allergens altogether.
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71. However, it should be recognise
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Obesity and infant feeding The dura
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) Around six months c) Around six m
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The Paediatrics & Child Health Divi
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Belarus found that during the perio
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The American Academy of Pediatrics
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efore age 4 months was associated w
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isk of obesity at age 7 yrs. while
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Effect on risk Positive Positive Ne
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Results Any breastfeeding reduced t
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eastfeeding promotion intervention
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Effect on risk Negative Negative Ne
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Additional Notes Horta: Meta-analys
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socioeconomic status strongly influ
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Breastfeeding and Obesity Notes Whi
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Breastfeeding and Bowel Disease: Co
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Notes on Coeliac Disease and IBD -
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This paper is not directly related
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Table 1 Death rates from coronary a
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Figure 1 Hazard ratios for coronary
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These adaptations permanently ‘re
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postnatal growth—programs to avoi
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“Health care professional’ - a
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7.3. No financial or material induc
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Appendix 460
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9 FISH (S1.1) Data was extracted fr
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allergies. Assigned to n-3 egg, no
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Table 13.1 Studies used to make evi
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14 SUGARS (S1.1) SUGARS and DENTAL
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Effect on risk (Increase/None /Prot
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Clinical importance Clinical releva
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Population/study information [6] Ch
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obesity (P=0.008) and 6.2-fold risk
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quality and were both conducted in
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associated with a decreased risk of
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The systematic review was of very p
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Effect on risk (0.45-76.85). (OR ra
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excluded. from the Denver metropoli
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21 DIETARY PATTERNS (U1.1) What die
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Applicability Excellent Studies con
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or Neutral) plus descriptive) RESUL
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Table 24.2 Summary used to make evi
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Statistical analysis methods Overal
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from 8 - 12 months (outcome three);
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infants with low z-scores provided
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Kajosaari 1983 and Oddy 1999 report
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of upper respiratory infectionRR 0.
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still be managed individually so th
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Length of follow-up Outcome(s) meas
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0.94 (95% CI 0.87 -1.01). Professio
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Conclusion Additional professional
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Outcome(s) measured INTERNAL VALIDI
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Conclusion PIM is one of the most c
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Table 24.3 Summary used to make evi
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BREASTFEEDING AND SUDDEN INFANT DEA
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RESULTS Outcome EXTERNAL VALIDITY G
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ALCOHOL, CAFFEINE AND BREASTFEEDING
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Table 26.1 Summary of studies to ma
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SELENIUM AND BREASTFEEDING OUTCOMES
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Table 26.2 Summary of studies used
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FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED BR
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Total number of participants Popula
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weight loss).Comparison one: contro
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month) (outcome five). For the 8-12
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study also provided data on head ci
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found no reduction in risk of a pos
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espiratory tract infection RR 1.07
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Affiliation/so urce of funds Univer
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Perceived Insufficient Milk (PIM) T
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Overall quality assessment (Positiv
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professional support to be effectiv
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EXTERNAL VALIDITY Generalisabil ity
Page 569 and 570: people together was specific to bre
Page 571 and 572: References Abdulwadud Omar, A., & S
Page 573 and 574: Gatti, L. 2008, "Maternal perceptio
Page 575 and 576: Poole, J. A., Barriga, K., Leung, D
Page 577 and 578: Monitoring Breastfeeding in Austral
Page 579 and 580: Labiner-Wolfe, Judith, Sara B. Fein
Page 581 and 582: Issues in selecting a growth refere
Page 583 and 584: that breastfeeding, with exclusive
Page 585 and 586: they noted that “during the first
Page 587 and 588: lower percentiles (0.4 and 2 percen
Page 589 and 590: Breastfeeding is an integral part o
Page 591 and 592: Royal Australian College of General
Page 593 and 594: feeding, the AAP firmly adheres to
Page 595 and 596: If an infant is not breastfed, or i
Page 597 and 598: Interventions to Promote Breastfeed
Page 599 and 600: ethnicity or maternal age cannot be
Page 601 and 602: three months, interventions involvi
Page 603 and 604: Data Collection and Analysis: We us
Page 605 and 606: Major Reviews of Infant Feeding 200
Page 607 and 608: Proportion of adult smokers who hav
Page 609 and 610: figures indicate that we have littl
Page 611 and 612: Funding has also been allocated to
Page 613 and 614: National Longitudinal Survey of Chi
Page 615 and 616: 608
Page 617 and 618: infectious diseases. There is a lar
Page 619: In Queensland, according to the 200
Page 623 and 624: gestational age or who have experie
Page 625 and 626: Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeedi
Page 627 and 628: 620
Page 629 and 630: 622
Page 631 and 632: deficiency has also been associated
Page 633 and 634: PAHO Guiding Principles for Complem
Page 635 and 636: Breastfeeding Rates in Australia A
Page 637 and 638: Population/ study information A tot
Page 639 and 640: Population/ study information The s
Page 641 and 642: Type of study Breastfee ding defini
Page 643 and 644: References Abou-Dakn, M., A. Richar
Page 645 and 646: Barclay, A. R., R. K. Russell, et a
Page 647 and 648: Clark, P. M. (1998). "Programming o
Page 649 and 650: Eglash, A. (2005). "ABM Protocol #8
Page 651 and 652: Griffiths, D. M. (2004). "Do tongue
Page 653 and 654: Howard, C. R., N. Lanphear, et al.
Page 655 and 656: Labiner-Wolfe, J., S. B. Fein, et a
Page 657 and 658: National Institute of Clinical Stud
Page 659 and 660: Rasmussen, K. and C. Kjolhede (2004
Page 661 and 662: Stettler, N. (2007). "Nature and st
Page 663 and 664: Whitaker-Worth, D. L., V. Carlone,
Page 665 and 666: INDEX A Abscess ...................
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