Literature review for - Flourish Paediatrics

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Table 1 Summary used to make evidence statements for breastfeeding and asthma and atopic disease STUDY DETAILS Oddy 2009 (Oddy 2009) (Review) Affiliation/source of funds Study design Systematic Review of Cohort studies Level of evidence III-2 Evidence obtained from comparative studies (including systematic reviews of such studies) with concurrent controls and allocation not randomised, cohort studies, case-control studies, or interrupted time series with a control group. Date of search Not reported but most papers in the publication range of 1981 to 2002 Number of studies Not reported specifically, about 4 cohort studies, but 83 references cited. A table is given that specifies the inclusion criteria for assessing quality of the studies. Children had to be followed for at least 5 years. Total number of >4300 participants Population Infants cohorts, both random population samples and cohorts of infants with a family history of asthma or atopy characteristics Range of exposure Exposure criteria given: 1. Non-reliance on late maternal recall of breastfeeding; 2. Blind ascertainment of infant feeding history; 3. Sufficient duration of breastfeeding; 4. Sufficient exclusivity of breastfeeding Length of follow-up 5-17 yrs Outcome(s) Outcome criteria: 1. Strict diagnostic criteria; 2. Blind ascertainment of outcomes; 3. Consideration of severity of measured outcome; 4. Consideration of age of onset of outcome INTERNAL VALIDITY Databases included not reported in search Statistical analysis Statistics: 1. Control for confounding factors; 2. Assessment of dose-response effects; 3. Assessment of effects in methods children at high risk of outcome; 4. Adequate statistical power 397
Overall quality assessment (Positive/Negative or Neutral) plus descriptive) RESULTS Outcome EXTERNAL VALIDITY Generalisability Applicability Comments Conclusion Negative but summarising previously published systematic review and giving a guide to interpretation of the studies Odds ratios in the range of 1.2 to 1.5 for increased risk of asthma and atopic disease all show increased risk when not breastfed. Authors quote a previously published meta-analysis of 9 studies showing that children breastfed for at least 3 months were significantly protected against development of asthma, OR= 0.80 and other meta analyses with a similar protective effect (26%-30%) for exclusive breastfeeding during the first 3 months from developing asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema. y y All studies that met the strict criteria for breastfeeding and atopic disease demonstrated a protective effect of breastmilk or, conversely, a risk with formula feeding. However, the continuing protective effect of breastfeeding on asthma and atopy later in adolescence and adulthood has yet to be confirmed in larger longitudinal studies. Given the many benefits conferred by breast-milk, breastfeeding should continue to be promoted as the preferred infant feeding method for the first 6 months and up to two years, as recommended by WHO. 398
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Infant Feeding Guidelines for Healt
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One of the responses of the Austral
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Table of Contents Introduction ....
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Goat’s milk .....................
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period of this review will generall
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Infant formula - Preparation, use a
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Protein levels of infant formula. F
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a. Will the use of a heavier refere
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Time to first feed and breastfeedin
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controlled for in multivariate logi
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the baby, or for suturing the mothe
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Impact of delivery method on breast
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Studies used to make evidence state
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For those who were fully breastfeed
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Effect on risk 0.56-0.88) Assisted
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significant Breastfeeding initiatio
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Results Adj OR never breastfed Assi
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Birth weight and breastfeeding If t
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3500-3999 vs 3000-3499 1.00 (95% CI
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Population/study information Perth,
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Any breastfeeding duration No adjOR
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cohort study reported no associatio
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Results [8] Intro of formula at 4 w
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Clinical 1 1 1 importance Clinical
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6. If mother-baby separation is una
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Studies reviewed to make evidence s
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Reference Scott JA, Binns CW, Oddy
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Effect on risk There was no associa
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infant Clinical 1 1 1 4 importance
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Reference Qiu et al Asia Pac J Clin
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Social support (other than fathers)
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pregnancy interventions on breastfe
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Reference Scott JA, Landers MCG, Hu
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weeks, 3 months & 6 months postpart
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Quality P O P Results Breastfeeding
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analysis analysis Effect on risk No
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Location (rural vs urban) and breas
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Effect on risk New Territories not
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Socioeconomic status Sufficient evi
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Quality P P O P Results Adj OR any
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Whether the mechanism for this asso
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obesity and infant feeding intentio
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Parity and Breastfeeding Parity has
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Quality P P P P Results No signific
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discharge. Quality P P P P Results
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Effect on risk There was not associ
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Effect on risk No effect of parity
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For Australian mothers 5 studies fo
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25-29 1.710 (1.085, 2.698) ≤24 1.
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30-34: 0.87 (95%CI 0.64-1.18) Adjus
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Clinical 1 2 1 relevance Generalisa
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Reference Binns CW, Gilchrist D, Gr
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Population/study information Infant
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Intervention/ comparator 40 years v
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Maternal education and breastfeedin
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Effect on risk Mothers who complete
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significant independent association
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Demand feeding, Rooming in and brea
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Effect on risk There was no signifi
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1991. Quality P P P P Results No sp
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Cultural differences on Exercise an
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During pregnancy, women should avoi
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findings of this study support the
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N 14 countries 3032 17 359 singleto
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8. Encourage breastfeeding on deman
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Breastfeeding and SIDS BREASTFEEDIN
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descriptive) RESULTS Outcome EXTERN
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Additional Notes 1. Clinical Eviden
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Use of Pacifiers for the Prevention
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American Academy of Pediatrics Poli
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Parslow et al. 2004). In addition,
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N Population/study information 570
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Both the Baby Friendly Hospital Ini
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lanolin, aerosol spray, ointment, f
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Incidence of nipple pain/trauma No
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Effect on risk Sore nipples, althou
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Systemic antibiotics are recommende
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Results Routine Care Versus Heat Ve
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anticipatory guidance with regard t
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In a cohort of 280 mother-infant pa
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months in 1987-9. Completed two wri
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Population/study information Sample
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Nipple Shield Use Search results Th
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Other Nipple Problems Eczema and De
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Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nippl
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Table. Management of breastmilk ins
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Effect on risk Factor analysis sugg
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Definition of breastfeeding Interve
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Reference Hurley et al. 2008 Gatti
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y test-weighing) Clinical 1 1 1 imp
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Engorgement of the Breast Search re
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more frequently prior to the recurr
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Reference Mangesi & Dowswell 2010 C
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Inflammatory conditions of the brea
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Three studies reported on the occur
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In the management of mastitis, the
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Quality 0 0 P Results The cumulativ
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was an intention to breastfeed. Par
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Level of evidence I (a) I (aetiolog
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Further adequately powered research
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Applicability Satisfactory Results
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Reference Kvist et al. 2007 Kvist e
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egarding aspiration technique Effec
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Many epidemiological studies have d
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normal functioning (Horowitz and Go
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• Ask mothers if they are losing
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the first 3 months postpartum, with
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Effect on risk This variability is
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In a US study of 802 women they fou
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Studies used to determine the risk
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A predictive relationship was consi
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The effect size of social support i
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weeks of delivery Four validated se
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growth faltering N > 22,000 929 chi
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Breast Refusal Search results The i
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Prevalence Rates of Excessive Cryin
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Regurgitation, gastroesophageal ref
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(Dwyer and Ponsonby 2009). Medicati
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ultrasonically. Real time ultrasoni
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Reference Heine et al. (2006) Cheri
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There was no significant associatio
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positioning strategies. The treatme
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Reference van Wijk et al. (2007) Co
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Generalisability Y Y- Italy Y Appli
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myenteric plexus Quality P P N Resu
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comparator N Population/study infor
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Effect on risk There were fewer adv
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Component Rating Notes Evidence Bas
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and/or difficulty of the baby latch
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Reference Dollberg et al. 2006 Srin
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Effect on risk Frenotomy alleviates
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Studies used to make the statement
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Notes on postpartum weight loss Ip
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Main results: Twelve studies met th
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Storage of Expressed Breastmilk Wha
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4. Storage of Expressed Breastmilk
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Expression and Breastfeeding durati
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duration) Clinical 1 1 1 importance
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VI Breastfeeding in specific situat
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Mothers currently using illicit dru
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Summary of the evidence The effect
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showing a negative association with
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Population/study information breast
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Effect on risk response relationshi
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pregnancy Quality P P P P Results A
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Reference Forster DA, McLachlan HL
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who did not stop smoking. duration
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-1, 5) Not breastfeeding: 1% (95% C
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≥6 vs non-smoker Adj OR (95%CI) n
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Larger hospitals - mothers recruite
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The Merck Manual online version als
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Sufficient evidence was found to ma
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Does return to work negatively affe
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Returned to work (
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N [5] 2079 of 3670 questionnaires r
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Reference [1] Forster DA, McLachlan
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technical 0.32 (95%CI 0.25-0.42) Se
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Reference Scott JA, Aitkin I, Binns
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Contraception and Breastfeeding The
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Authors’ conclusions: Postpartum
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ich countries where there it is aff
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eview by (Bulteel and Henderson 200
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Galactosaemia in Infants Search res
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of birth. Every effort should be ma
Page 353 and 354: Hepatitis C and HIV co-infected mot
Page 355 and 356: Studies used to make evidence state
Page 357 and 358: significantly affect HCV transmissi
Page 359 and 360: The PKU handbook includes the follo
Page 361 and 362: Tuberculosis and Breastfeeding Sear
Page 363 and 364: Syphillis in Breastfeeding Mothers
Page 365 and 366: paediatricians (Australian College
Page 367 and 368: the Cochrane Central Register of Co
Page 369 and 370: Objectives: To determine the effect
Page 371 and 372: Objectives: In newborn infants with
Page 373 and 374: information on bottle-feeding and d
Page 375 and 376: Cow’s Milk Search results The ini
Page 377 and 378: The SLR by Wijndaele and colleagues
Page 379 and 380: infants were fed formula for 1 mont
Page 383 and 384: Quality 0 (No to 6.2 and 7.4 P P 0
Page 385 and 386: Reference Conn et al. 2009 Couper e
Page 387 and 388: eastfed Fe intake was inadequate fo
Page 389 and 390: England. After the birth, a short q
Page 391 and 392: food weighing (BM: n =21; BCM: n =
Page 393 and 394: Population/study information Sample
Page 395 and 396: positive stools upon cow milk feedi
Page 397 and 398: data were collected from the parent
Page 399 and 400: Applicability Y- Denmark Y - Vietna
Page 401 and 402: milk during infancy can result in s
Page 403: X Infant feeding and later Outcomes
Page 407 and 408: finally recruited. Outcome measure
Page 409 and 410: Intervention Comparator N Populatio
Page 411 and 412: elevance Generalisability Y N Y App
Page 413 and 414: Current advice from the Australasia
Page 415 and 416: elevant food allergens altogether.
Page 417 and 418: 71. However, it should be recognise
Page 419 and 420: Obesity and infant feeding The dura
Page 421 and 422: ) Around six months c) Around six m
Page 423 and 424: The Paediatrics & Child Health Divi
Page 425 and 426: Belarus found that during the perio
Page 427 and 428: The American Academy of Pediatrics
Page 429 and 430: efore age 4 months was associated w
Page 431 and 432: isk of obesity at age 7 yrs. while
Page 433 and 434: Effect on risk Positive Positive Ne
Page 435 and 436: Results Any breastfeeding reduced t
Page 437 and 438: eastfeeding promotion intervention
Page 439 and 440: Effect on risk Negative Negative Ne
Page 443 and 444: Additional Notes Horta: Meta-analys
Page 445 and 446: socioeconomic status strongly influ
Page 447 and 448: Breastfeeding and Obesity Notes Whi
Page 449 and 450: Breastfeeding and Bowel Disease: Co
Page 451 and 452: Notes on Coeliac Disease and IBD -
Page 453 and 454: This paper is not directly related
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Table 1 Death rates from coronary a
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Figure 1 Hazard ratios for coronary
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These adaptations permanently ‘re
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postnatal growth—programs to avoi
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“Health care professional’ - a
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7.3. No financial or material induc
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Appendix 460
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9 FISH (S1.1) Data was extracted fr
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allergies. Assigned to n-3 egg, no
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Table 13.1 Studies used to make evi
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14 SUGARS (S1.1) SUGARS and DENTAL
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Effect on risk (Increase/None /Prot
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Clinical importance Clinical releva
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Population/study information [6] Ch
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obesity (P=0.008) and 6.2-fold risk
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quality and were both conducted in
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associated with a decreased risk of
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The systematic review was of very p
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Effect on risk (0.45-76.85). (OR ra
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excluded. from the Denver metropoli
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21 DIETARY PATTERNS (U1.1) What die
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Applicability Excellent Studies con
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or Neutral) plus descriptive) RESUL
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Table 24.2 Summary used to make evi
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Statistical analysis methods Overal
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from 8 - 12 months (outcome three);
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infants with low z-scores provided
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Kajosaari 1983 and Oddy 1999 report
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of upper respiratory infectionRR 0.
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still be managed individually so th
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Length of follow-up Outcome(s) meas
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0.94 (95% CI 0.87 -1.01). Professio
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Conclusion Additional professional
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Outcome(s) measured INTERNAL VALIDI
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Conclusion PIM is one of the most c
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Table 24.3 Summary used to make evi
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BREASTFEEDING AND SUDDEN INFANT DEA
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RESULTS Outcome EXTERNAL VALIDITY G
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ALCOHOL, CAFFEINE AND BREASTFEEDING
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Table 26.1 Summary of studies to ma
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SELENIUM AND BREASTFEEDING OUTCOMES
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Table 26.2 Summary of studies used
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FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED BR
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Total number of participants Popula
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weight loss).Comparison one: contro
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month) (outcome five). For the 8-12
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study also provided data on head ci
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found no reduction in risk of a pos
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espiratory tract infection RR 1.07
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Affiliation/so urce of funds Univer
Page 561 and 562:
Perceived Insufficient Milk (PIM) T
Page 563 and 564:
Overall quality assessment (Positiv
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professional support to be effectiv
Page 567 and 568:
EXTERNAL VALIDITY Generalisabil ity
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people together was specific to bre
Page 571 and 572:
References Abdulwadud Omar, A., & S
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Gatti, L. 2008, "Maternal perceptio
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Poole, J. A., Barriga, K., Leung, D
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Monitoring Breastfeeding in Austral
Page 579 and 580:
Labiner-Wolfe, Judith, Sara B. Fein
Page 581 and 582:
Issues in selecting a growth refere
Page 583 and 584:
that breastfeeding, with exclusive
Page 585 and 586:
they noted that “during the first
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lower percentiles (0.4 and 2 percen
Page 589 and 590:
Breastfeeding is an integral part o
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Royal Australian College of General
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feeding, the AAP firmly adheres to
Page 595 and 596:
If an infant is not breastfed, or i
Page 597 and 598:
Interventions to Promote Breastfeed
Page 599 and 600:
ethnicity or maternal age cannot be
Page 601 and 602:
three months, interventions involvi
Page 603 and 604:
Data Collection and Analysis: We us
Page 605 and 606:
Major Reviews of Infant Feeding 200
Page 607 and 608:
Proportion of adult smokers who hav
Page 609 and 610:
figures indicate that we have littl
Page 611 and 612:
Funding has also been allocated to
Page 613 and 614:
National Longitudinal Survey of Chi
Page 615 and 616:
608
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infectious diseases. There is a lar
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In Queensland, according to the 200
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eastfeeding at 6 months were among
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gestational age or who have experie
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Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeedi
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620
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622
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deficiency has also been associated
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PAHO Guiding Principles for Complem
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Breastfeeding Rates in Australia A
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Population/ study information A tot
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Population/ study information The s
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Type of study Breastfee ding defini
Page 643 and 644:
References Abou-Dakn, M., A. Richar
Page 645 and 646:
Barclay, A. R., R. K. Russell, et a
Page 647 and 648:
Clark, P. M. (1998). "Programming o
Page 649 and 650:
Eglash, A. (2005). "ABM Protocol #8
Page 651 and 652:
Griffiths, D. M. (2004). "Do tongue
Page 653 and 654:
Howard, C. R., N. Lanphear, et al.
Page 655 and 656:
Labiner-Wolfe, J., S. B. Fein, et a
Page 657 and 658:
National Institute of Clinical Stud
Page 659 and 660:
Rasmussen, K. and C. Kjolhede (2004
Page 661 and 662:
Stettler, N. (2007). "Nature and st
Page 663 and 664:
Whitaker-Worth, D. L., V. Carlone,
Page 665 and 666:
INDEX A Abscess ...................
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