Literature review for - Flourish Paediatrics

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Studies reporting on breastfeeding rates in Australia 2007 Australian National Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2007-2008 Report on Child Health from the New South Wales Population Health Survey 2004–05 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey (NATSIHS) Type of study Cross-sectional Cross-sectional Cross-sectional Breastfeeding Measured proportion of children that definitions were ‘ever breastfed’ Definition poorly defined Ever breastfed: An infant has been put to the breast, even if only once, and/or an infant has received expressed breastmilk Exclusively breastfed: An infant has received only breastmilk from his/her mother or a wet nurse or expressed breastmilk and no other liquids or solids with the exception of drops or syrups consisting of vitamins, mineral supplements or medicines (in last 24 hours). Predominantly breastfed predominant source of nourishment has been breastmilk but the infant has also received water and water-based drinks. All other food-based fluids are excluded, in particular non-human milk (in last 24 hours). Fully breastfed: An infant was fully breastfed if he/she receives breastmilk as the main source of nourishment, includes exclusively breastfed and predominantly breastfed infants (in last 24 hours). Ever breastfed: An infant has been put to the breast, even if only once, and/or an infant has received expressed breastmilk Exclusively breastfed: An infant has received only breastmilk from his/her mother or a wet nurse or expressed breastmilk and no other liquids or solids with the exception of drops or syrups consisting of vitamins, mineral supplements or medicines. Predominantly breastfed predominant source of nourishment has been breastmilk but the infant has also received water and water-based drinks. All other food-based fluids are excluded, in particular non-human milk. Fully breastfed: An infant is fully breastfed if he/she receives breastmilk as the main source of nourishment (includes exclusively breastfed and predominantly breastfed infants) 629
Population/ study information A total of 4,487 children took part, divided into the following age groups: 2–3 years, 4–8 years, 9–13 years and 14–16 years. Households with children aged 2-16 years were randomly selected using Random Digit Dialling. Caregiver or parent recalled/reported if infant had “ever breastfeeding” In total, 5,171 interviews were conducted with parents or carers of children aged 0- 15 year. The overall participation rate was 63.5 %. Questions on breastfeeding were only asked of parents of children aged 0-23 months 10,439 Indigenous Australians of all ages Parent or caregiver responded for children. Information is ‘as reported’ by respondents In 27% of children aged 0–3 years an adult other than the child’s mother responded for the child Results The majority (90%) of children were breastfed for a period during their infancy. Parameter2 2–3 4–8 9–13 14–16 Boys ever been breastfed(%); 93 (2-3 yrs), 90 (4-8 yrs), 92 (9-13 yrs), 91 (14-16 yrs) Girls ever been breastfed(%); 93 (2- 3 yrs), 89 (4-8 yrs), 88 (9-13 yrs), 93 (14-16 yrs ) All children ever been breastfed(%); 93 (2-3 yrs), 89 (4-8 yrs), 90 (9-13 yrs) 92 (14-16 yrs) The proportion of children aged 0-23 months who were breastfed at each month of age declined from 91.1 per cent at birth to 80.5 per cent at 1 month, 69.0 per cent at 3 months, 54.8 per cent at 6 months, and 28.3 per cent at 12 months. The proportion of children aged 0-23 months who were fully breastfed at each month of age declined from 91.1 % at birth to 74.4 % at 1 month, 58.8 % at 3 months, 26.3 % at 6 months, and 1.1 % at 12 months. The proportion of children aged 0-23 months who were exclusively breastfed at each month of age declined from 91.1 % at birth to 67.0 % at 1 month, 49.9 % at 3 months, 16.7 % at 6 months, In 2004-5 approximately 42% of Indigenous children aged 0–3 years in remote areas were currently being breastfed, 43% had previously been breastfed and14% had never been breastfed. This compared to 13%, 65% and 21% of Indigenous infants in nonremote areas respectively. A higher proportion of non-Indigenous children (aged 0–3 years) than Indigenous children had been breastfed for 12 months or more, 14% compared with 11%. 630
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Infant Feeding Guidelines for Healt
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One of the responses of the Austral
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Table of Contents Introduction ....
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Goat’s milk .....................
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period of this review will generall
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Infant formula - Preparation, use a
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Protein levels of infant formula. F
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a. Will the use of a heavier refere
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Time to first feed and breastfeedin
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controlled for in multivariate logi
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the baby, or for suturing the mothe
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Impact of delivery method on breast
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Studies used to make evidence state
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For those who were fully breastfeed
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Effect on risk 0.56-0.88) Assisted
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significant Breastfeeding initiatio
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Results Adj OR never breastfed Assi
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Birth weight and breastfeeding If t
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3500-3999 vs 3000-3499 1.00 (95% CI
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Population/study information Perth,
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Any breastfeeding duration No adjOR
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cohort study reported no associatio
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Results [8] Intro of formula at 4 w
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Clinical 1 1 1 importance Clinical
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6. If mother-baby separation is una
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Studies reviewed to make evidence s
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Reference Scott JA, Binns CW, Oddy
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Effect on risk There was no associa
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infant Clinical 1 1 1 4 importance
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Reference Qiu et al Asia Pac J Clin
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Social support (other than fathers)
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pregnancy interventions on breastfe
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Reference Scott JA, Landers MCG, Hu
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weeks, 3 months & 6 months postpart
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Quality P O P Results Breastfeeding
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analysis analysis Effect on risk No
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Location (rural vs urban) and breas
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Effect on risk New Territories not
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Socioeconomic status Sufficient evi
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Quality P P O P Results Adj OR any
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Whether the mechanism for this asso
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obesity and infant feeding intentio
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Parity and Breastfeeding Parity has
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Quality P P P P Results No signific
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discharge. Quality P P P P Results
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Effect on risk There was not associ
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Effect on risk No effect of parity
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For Australian mothers 5 studies fo
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25-29 1.710 (1.085, 2.698) ≤24 1.
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30-34: 0.87 (95%CI 0.64-1.18) Adjus
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Clinical 1 2 1 relevance Generalisa
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Reference Binns CW, Gilchrist D, Gr
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Population/study information Infant
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Intervention/ comparator 40 years v
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Maternal education and breastfeedin
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Effect on risk Mothers who complete
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significant independent association
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Demand feeding, Rooming in and brea
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Effect on risk There was no signifi
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1991. Quality P P P P Results No sp
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Cultural differences on Exercise an
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During pregnancy, women should avoi
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findings of this study support the
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N 14 countries 3032 17 359 singleto
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8. Encourage breastfeeding on deman
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Breastfeeding and SIDS BREASTFEEDIN
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descriptive) RESULTS Outcome EXTERN
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Additional Notes 1. Clinical Eviden
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Use of Pacifiers for the Prevention
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American Academy of Pediatrics Poli
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Parslow et al. 2004). In addition,
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N Population/study information 570
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Both the Baby Friendly Hospital Ini
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lanolin, aerosol spray, ointment, f
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Incidence of nipple pain/trauma No
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Effect on risk Sore nipples, althou
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Systemic antibiotics are recommende
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Results Routine Care Versus Heat Ve
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anticipatory guidance with regard t
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In a cohort of 280 mother-infant pa
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months in 1987-9. Completed two wri
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Population/study information Sample
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Nipple Shield Use Search results Th
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Other Nipple Problems Eczema and De
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Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nippl
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Table. Management of breastmilk ins
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Effect on risk Factor analysis sugg
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Definition of breastfeeding Interve
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Reference Hurley et al. 2008 Gatti
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y test-weighing) Clinical 1 1 1 imp
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Engorgement of the Breast Search re
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more frequently prior to the recurr
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Reference Mangesi & Dowswell 2010 C
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Inflammatory conditions of the brea
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Three studies reported on the occur
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In the management of mastitis, the
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Quality 0 0 P Results The cumulativ
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was an intention to breastfeed. Par
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Level of evidence I (a) I (aetiolog
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Further adequately powered research
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Applicability Satisfactory Results
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Reference Kvist et al. 2007 Kvist e
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egarding aspiration technique Effec
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Many epidemiological studies have d
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normal functioning (Horowitz and Go
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• Ask mothers if they are losing
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the first 3 months postpartum, with
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Effect on risk This variability is
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In a US study of 802 women they fou
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Studies used to determine the risk
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A predictive relationship was consi
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The effect size of social support i
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weeks of delivery Four validated se
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growth faltering N > 22,000 929 chi
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Breast Refusal Search results The i
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Prevalence Rates of Excessive Cryin
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Regurgitation, gastroesophageal ref
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(Dwyer and Ponsonby 2009). Medicati
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ultrasonically. Real time ultrasoni
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Reference Heine et al. (2006) Cheri
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There was no significant associatio
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positioning strategies. The treatme
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Reference van Wijk et al. (2007) Co
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Generalisability Y Y- Italy Y Appli
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myenteric plexus Quality P P N Resu
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comparator N Population/study infor
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Effect on risk There were fewer adv
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Component Rating Notes Evidence Bas
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and/or difficulty of the baby latch
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Reference Dollberg et al. 2006 Srin
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Effect on risk Frenotomy alleviates
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Studies used to make the statement
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Notes on postpartum weight loss Ip
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Main results: Twelve studies met th
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Storage of Expressed Breastmilk Wha
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4. Storage of Expressed Breastmilk
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Expression and Breastfeeding durati
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duration) Clinical 1 1 1 importance
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VI Breastfeeding in specific situat
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Mothers currently using illicit dru
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Summary of the evidence The effect
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showing a negative association with
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Population/study information breast
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Effect on risk response relationshi
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pregnancy Quality P P P P Results A
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Reference Forster DA, McLachlan HL
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who did not stop smoking. duration
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-1, 5) Not breastfeeding: 1% (95% C
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≥6 vs non-smoker Adj OR (95%CI) n
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Larger hospitals - mothers recruite
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The Merck Manual online version als
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Sufficient evidence was found to ma
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Does return to work negatively affe
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Returned to work (
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N [5] 2079 of 3670 questionnaires r
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Reference [1] Forster DA, McLachlan
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technical 0.32 (95%CI 0.25-0.42) Se
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Reference Scott JA, Aitkin I, Binns
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Contraception and Breastfeeding The
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Authors’ conclusions: Postpartum
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ich countries where there it is aff
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eview by (Bulteel and Henderson 200
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Galactosaemia in Infants Search res
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of birth. Every effort should be ma
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Hepatitis C and HIV co-infected mot
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significantly affect HCV transmissi
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The PKU handbook includes the follo
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Tuberculosis and Breastfeeding Sear
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Syphillis in Breastfeeding Mothers
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paediatricians (Australian College
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the Cochrane Central Register of Co
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Objectives: To determine the effect
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Objectives: In newborn infants with
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information on bottle-feeding and d
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Cow’s Milk Search results The ini
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The SLR by Wijndaele and colleagues
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infants were fed formula for 1 mont
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Quality 0 (No to 6.2 and 7.4 P P 0
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Reference Conn et al. 2009 Couper e
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eastfed Fe intake was inadequate fo
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England. After the birth, a short q
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food weighing (BM: n =21; BCM: n =
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Population/study information Sample
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positive stools upon cow milk feedi
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data were collected from the parent
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Applicability Y- Denmark Y - Vietna
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milk during infancy can result in s
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X Infant feeding and later Outcomes
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Overall quality assessment (Positiv
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finally recruited. Outcome measure
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Intervention Comparator N Populatio
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elevance Generalisability Y N Y App
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Current advice from the Australasia
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elevant food allergens altogether.
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71. However, it should be recognise
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Obesity and infant feeding The dura
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) Around six months c) Around six m
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The Paediatrics & Child Health Divi
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Belarus found that during the perio
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The American Academy of Pediatrics
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efore age 4 months was associated w
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isk of obesity at age 7 yrs. while
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Effect on risk Positive Positive Ne
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Results Any breastfeeding reduced t
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eastfeeding promotion intervention
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Effect on risk Negative Negative Ne
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Additional Notes Horta: Meta-analys
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socioeconomic status strongly influ
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Breastfeeding and Obesity Notes Whi
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Breastfeeding and Bowel Disease: Co
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Notes on Coeliac Disease and IBD -
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This paper is not directly related
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Table 1 Death rates from coronary a
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Figure 1 Hazard ratios for coronary
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These adaptations permanently ‘re
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postnatal growth—programs to avoi
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“Health care professional’ - a
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7.3. No financial or material induc
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Appendix 460
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9 FISH (S1.1) Data was extracted fr
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allergies. Assigned to n-3 egg, no
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Table 13.1 Studies used to make evi
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14 SUGARS (S1.1) SUGARS and DENTAL
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Effect on risk (Increase/None /Prot
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Clinical importance Clinical releva
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Population/study information [6] Ch
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obesity (P=0.008) and 6.2-fold risk
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quality and were both conducted in
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associated with a decreased risk of
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The systematic review was of very p
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Effect on risk (0.45-76.85). (OR ra
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excluded. from the Denver metropoli
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21 DIETARY PATTERNS (U1.1) What die
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Applicability Excellent Studies con
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or Neutral) plus descriptive) RESUL
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Table 24.2 Summary used to make evi
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Statistical analysis methods Overal
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from 8 - 12 months (outcome three);
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infants with low z-scores provided
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Kajosaari 1983 and Oddy 1999 report
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of upper respiratory infectionRR 0.
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still be managed individually so th
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Length of follow-up Outcome(s) meas
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0.94 (95% CI 0.87 -1.01). Professio
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Conclusion Additional professional
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Outcome(s) measured INTERNAL VALIDI
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Conclusion PIM is one of the most c
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Table 24.3 Summary used to make evi
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BREASTFEEDING AND SUDDEN INFANT DEA
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RESULTS Outcome EXTERNAL VALIDITY G
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ALCOHOL, CAFFEINE AND BREASTFEEDING
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Table 26.1 Summary of studies to ma
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SELENIUM AND BREASTFEEDING OUTCOMES
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Table 26.2 Summary of studies used
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FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED BR
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Total number of participants Popula
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weight loss).Comparison one: contro
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month) (outcome five). For the 8-12
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study also provided data on head ci
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found no reduction in risk of a pos
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espiratory tract infection RR 1.07
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Affiliation/so urce of funds Univer
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Perceived Insufficient Milk (PIM) T
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Overall quality assessment (Positiv
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professional support to be effectiv
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EXTERNAL VALIDITY Generalisabil ity
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people together was specific to bre
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References Abdulwadud Omar, A., & S
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Gatti, L. 2008, "Maternal perceptio
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Poole, J. A., Barriga, K., Leung, D
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Monitoring Breastfeeding in Austral
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Labiner-Wolfe, Judith, Sara B. Fein
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Issues in selecting a growth refere
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that breastfeeding, with exclusive
Page 585 and 586: they noted that “during the first
Page 587 and 588: lower percentiles (0.4 and 2 percen
Page 589 and 590: Breastfeeding is an integral part o
Page 591 and 592: Royal Australian College of General
Page 593 and 594: feeding, the AAP firmly adheres to
Page 595 and 596: If an infant is not breastfed, or i
Page 597 and 598: Interventions to Promote Breastfeed
Page 599 and 600: ethnicity or maternal age cannot be
Page 601 and 602: three months, interventions involvi
Page 603 and 604: Data Collection and Analysis: We us
Page 605 and 606: Major Reviews of Infant Feeding 200
Page 607 and 608: Proportion of adult smokers who hav
Page 609 and 610: figures indicate that we have littl
Page 611 and 612: Funding has also been allocated to
Page 613 and 614: National Longitudinal Survey of Chi
Page 615 and 616: 608
Page 617 and 618: infectious diseases. There is a lar
Page 619 and 620: In Queensland, according to the 200
Page 621 and 622: eastfeeding at 6 months were among
Page 623 and 624: gestational age or who have experie
Page 625 and 626: Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeedi
Page 627 and 628: 620
Page 629 and 630: 622
Page 631 and 632: deficiency has also been associated
Page 633 and 634: PAHO Guiding Principles for Complem
Page 635: Breastfeeding Rates in Australia A
Page 639 and 640: Population/ study information The s
Page 641 and 642: Type of study Breastfee ding defini
Page 643 and 644: References Abou-Dakn, M., A. Richar
Page 645 and 646: Barclay, A. R., R. K. Russell, et a
Page 647 and 648: Clark, P. M. (1998). "Programming o
Page 649 and 650: Eglash, A. (2005). "ABM Protocol #8
Page 651 and 652: Griffiths, D. M. (2004). "Do tongue
Page 653 and 654: Howard, C. R., N. Lanphear, et al.
Page 655 and 656: Labiner-Wolfe, J., S. B. Fein, et a
Page 657 and 658: National Institute of Clinical Stud
Page 659 and 660: Rasmussen, K. and C. Kjolhede (2004
Page 661 and 662: Stettler, N. (2007). "Nature and st
Page 663 and 664: Whitaker-Worth, D. L., V. Carlone,
Page 665 and 666: INDEX A Abscess ...................
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