Literature review for - Flourish Paediatrics

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Eczema and Dermatitis of the Nipple ......................................................................................... 176 Nipple Piercing ........................................................................................................................... 177 Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nipple ....................................................................................... 178 ‘Too little milk’ Milk Insufficiency ................................................................................................ 179 Factors negatively associated with breastfeeding initiation and duration ...................................... 189 Engorgement of the Breast ............................................................................................................. 190 Inflammatory conditions of the breast ............................................................................................ 198 Mastitis ....................................................................................................................................... 198 Breast Abscess ........................................................................................................................... 211 Postnatal Depression and breastfeeding ......................................................................................... 219 Breast Refusal ................................................................................................................................. 244 The Crying Infant ........................................................................................................................... 245 Regurgitation, gastroesophageal reflux and feeding related behaviours ........................................ 248 Ankyloglossia ................................................................................................................................. 269 Post partum weight loss .................................................................................................................. 279 V Expressing and storing breastmilk ......................................................................................... 283 Expression of Breastmilk ................................................................................................................ 283 Indications for mothers to express .................................................................................................. 285 Storage of Expressed Breastmilk .................................................................................................... 286 Expression and Breastfeeding duration .......................................................................................... 290 VI Breastfeeding in specific situations ......................................................................................... 294 Absolute and relative contra-indications to breastfeeding .............................................................. 294 Alcohol and Breastfeeding ............................................................................................................. 297 Smoking and breastfeeding ............................................................................................................ 299 Pharmaceutical and other drugs and breastfeeding ........................................................................ 317 Return to work and breastfeeding duration .................................................................................... 319 Contraception and Breastfeeding .................................................................................................... 334 Specific Conditions ......................................................................................................................... 337 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Breastfeeding Women ........................................... 337 Brucellosis in Breastfeeding Mothers ........................................................................................ 341 Galactosaemia in Infants ............................................................................................................ 342 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) ............................................................................................................ 343 Hepatis C Virus (HCV) .............................................................................................................. 345 Phenylketonuria (PKU) in Infants .............................................................................................. 351 Tuberculosis and Breastfeeding ................................................................................................. 354 Syphillis in Breastfeeding Mothers ............................................................................................ 356 VII Safe use of infant formula ........................................................................................................ 357 Infant Formula ................................................................................................................................ 357 VIII Complementary foods ......................................................................................................... 367 The appropriate age to introduce solids from all food groups ........................................................ 367 IX Foods not suitable for infants or that should be used with care .......................................... 367 Nuts ................................................................................................................................................. 367 Cow’s Milk ..................................................................................................................................... 368
Goat’s milk ..................................................................................................................................... 393 Reduced-fat milks - existing section ............................................................................................... 395 Fruit juices - existing section .......................................................................................................... 395 Honey – existing section ................................................................................................................. 395 Tea - existing section ...................................................................................................................... 395 X Infant feeding and later Outcomes ........................................................................................ 396 Asthma and Atopy .......................................................................................................................... 396 Obesity and infant feeding .............................................................................................................. 412 Breastfeeding and Bowel Disease: Coeliac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease ................ 442 The foetal origins of adult disease hypothesis ................................................................................ 447 XI Interpretation of the WHO Code for health workers in Australia ...................................... 455 Definition of a health worker .......................................................................................................... 455 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................ 460 NHMRC literature review for the revision of the Australian Dietary Guidelines .......................... 461 Monitoring Breastfeeding in Australia ........................................................................................... 570 Drugs in lactation............................................................................................................................ 573 Issues in selecting a growth reference for Australia ....................................................................... 574 National and International Statements on Infant Feeding .............................................................. 581 Interventions to Promote Breastfeeding ......................................................................................... 590 Major Reviews of Infant Feeding 2000-10 ..................................................................................... 598 Breastfeeding Rates in Australia .................................................................................................... 628 References .......................................................................................................................................... 636
Page 1 and 2: Infant Feeding Guidelines for Healt
Page 3 and 4: One of the responses of the Austral
Page 5: Table of Contents Introduction ....
Page 9 and 10: period of this review will generall
Page 11 and 12: Infant formula - Preparation, use a
Page 13 and 14: Protein levels of infant formula. F
Page 15 and 16: a. Will the use of a heavier refere
Page 17 and 18: Time to first feed and breastfeedin
Page 19 and 20: controlled for in multivariate logi
Page 21 and 22: the baby, or for suturing the mothe
Page 23 and 24: Impact of delivery method on breast
Page 25 and 26: Studies used to make evidence state
Page 27 and 28: For those who were fully breastfeed
Page 29 and 30: Effect on risk 0.56-0.88) Assisted
Page 31 and 32: significant Breastfeeding initiatio
Page 33 and 34: Results Adj OR never breastfed Assi
Page 35 and 36: Birth weight and breastfeeding If t
Page 37 and 38: 3500-3999 vs 3000-3499 1.00 (95% CI
Page 39 and 40: Population/study information Perth,
Page 41 and 42: Any breastfeeding duration No adjOR
Page 43 and 44: cohort study reported no associatio
Page 45 and 46: Results [8] Intro of formula at 4 w
Page 47 and 48: Clinical 1 1 1 importance Clinical
Page 49 and 50: 6. If mother-baby separation is una
Page 51 and 52: Studies reviewed to make evidence s
Page 53 and 54: Reference Scott JA, Binns CW, Oddy
Page 55 and 56: Effect on risk There was no associa
Page 57 and 58:
Studies used to make evidence state
Page 59 and 60:
infant Clinical 1 1 1 4 importance
Page 61 and 62:
Reference Qiu et al Asia Pac J Clin
Page 63 and 64:
Social support (other than fathers)
Page 65 and 66:
pregnancy interventions on breastfe
Page 67 and 68:
Reference Scott JA, Landers MCG, Hu
Page 69 and 70:
weeks, 3 months & 6 months postpart
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Quality P O P Results Breastfeeding
Page 75 and 76:
analysis analysis Effect on risk No
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Location (rural vs urban) and breas
Page 81 and 82:
Effect on risk New Territories not
Page 83 and 84:
Socioeconomic status Sufficient evi
Page 85 and 86:
Quality P P O P Results Adj OR any
Page 87 and 88:
Whether the mechanism for this asso
Page 89 and 90:
obesity and infant feeding intentio
Page 91 and 92:
Parity and Breastfeeding Parity has
Page 93 and 94:
Quality P P P P Results No signific
Page 95 and 96:
discharge. Quality P P P P Results
Page 97 and 98:
Effect on risk There was not associ
Page 99 and 100:
Effect on risk No effect of parity
Page 101 and 102:
For Australian mothers 5 studies fo
Page 103 and 104:
25-29 1.710 (1.085, 2.698) ≤24 1.
Page 105 and 106:
30-34: 0.87 (95%CI 0.64-1.18) Adjus
Page 107 and 108:
Clinical 1 2 1 relevance Generalisa
Page 109 and 110:
Reference Binns CW, Gilchrist D, Gr
Page 111 and 112:
Population/study information Infant
Page 113 and 114:
Intervention/ comparator 40 years v
Page 115 and 116:
Maternal education and breastfeedin
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Effect on risk Mothers who complete
Page 121 and 122:
significant independent association
Page 123 and 124:
Demand feeding, Rooming in and brea
Page 125 and 126:
Effect on risk There was no signifi
Page 127 and 128:
1991. Quality P P P P Results No sp
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Cultural differences on Exercise an
Page 133 and 134:
During pregnancy, women should avoi
Page 135 and 136:
findings of this study support the
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
N 14 countries 3032 17 359 singleto
Page 141 and 142:
8. Encourage breastfeeding on deman
Page 143 and 144:
Breastfeeding and SIDS BREASTFEEDIN
Page 145 and 146:
descriptive) RESULTS Outcome EXTERN
Page 147 and 148:
Additional Notes 1. Clinical Eviden
Page 149 and 150:
Use of Pacifiers for the Prevention
Page 151 and 152:
American Academy of Pediatrics Poli
Page 153 and 154:
Parslow et al. 2004). In addition,
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
N Population/study information 570
Page 159 and 160:
Both the Baby Friendly Hospital Ini
Page 161 and 162:
lanolin, aerosol spray, ointment, f
Page 163 and 164:
Incidence of nipple pain/trauma No
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Effect on risk Sore nipples, althou
Page 169 and 170:
Systemic antibiotics are recommende
Page 171 and 172:
Results Routine Care Versus Heat Ve
Page 173 and 174:
anticipatory guidance with regard t
Page 175 and 176:
In a cohort of 280 mother-infant pa
Page 177 and 178:
months in 1987-9. Completed two wri
Page 179 and 180:
Population/study information Sample
Page 181 and 182:
Nipple Shield Use Search results Th
Page 183 and 184:
Other Nipple Problems Eczema and De
Page 185 and 186:
Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nippl
Page 187 and 188:
Table. Management of breastmilk ins
Page 189 and 190:
Effect on risk Factor analysis sugg
Page 191 and 192:
Definition of breastfeeding Interve
Page 193 and 194:
Reference Hurley et al. 2008 Gatti
Page 195 and 196:
y test-weighing) Clinical 1 1 1 imp
Page 197 and 198:
Engorgement of the Breast Search re
Page 199 and 200:
more frequently prior to the recurr
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Reference Mangesi & Dowswell 2010 C
Page 205 and 206:
Inflammatory conditions of the brea
Page 207 and 208:
Three studies reported on the occur
Page 209 and 210:
In the management of mastitis, the
Page 211 and 212:
Quality 0 0 P Results The cumulativ
Page 213 and 214:
was an intention to breastfeed. Par
Page 215 and 216:
Level of evidence I (a) I (aetiolog
Page 217 and 218:
Further adequately powered research
Page 219 and 220:
Applicability Satisfactory Results
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Reference Kvist et al. 2007 Kvist e
Page 225 and 226:
egarding aspiration technique Effec
Page 227 and 228:
Many epidemiological studies have d
Page 229 and 230:
normal functioning (Horowitz and Go
Page 231 and 232:
• Ask mothers if they are losing
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
the first 3 months postpartum, with
Page 237 and 238:
Effect on risk This variability is
Page 239 and 240:
In a US study of 802 women they fou
Page 241 and 242:
Studies used to determine the risk
Page 243 and 244:
A predictive relationship was consi
Page 245 and 246:
The effect size of social support i
Page 247 and 248:
weeks of delivery Four validated se
Page 249 and 250:
growth faltering N > 22,000 929 chi
Page 251 and 252:
Breast Refusal Search results The i
Page 253 and 254:
Prevalence Rates of Excessive Cryin
Page 255 and 256:
Regurgitation, gastroesophageal ref
Page 257 and 258:
(Dwyer and Ponsonby 2009). Medicati
Page 259 and 260:
ultrasonically. Real time ultrasoni
Page 261 and 262:
Reference Heine et al. (2006) Cheri
Page 263 and 264:
There was no significant associatio
Page 265 and 266:
positioning strategies. The treatme
Page 267 and 268:
Reference van Wijk et al. (2007) Co
Page 269 and 270:
Generalisability Y Y- Italy Y Appli
Page 271 and 272:
myenteric plexus Quality P P N Resu
Page 273 and 274:
comparator N Population/study infor
Page 275 and 276:
Effect on risk There were fewer adv
Page 277 and 278:
Component Rating Notes Evidence Bas
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
and/or difficulty of the baby latch
Page 283 and 284:
Reference Dollberg et al. 2006 Srin
Page 285 and 286:
Effect on risk Frenotomy alleviates
Page 287 and 288:
Studies used to make the statement
Page 289 and 290:
Notes on postpartum weight loss Ip
Page 291 and 292:
Main results: Twelve studies met th
Page 293 and 294:
Storage of Expressed Breastmilk Wha
Page 295 and 296:
4. Storage of Expressed Breastmilk
Page 297 and 298:
Expression and Breastfeeding durati
Page 299 and 300:
duration) Clinical 1 1 1 importance
Page 301 and 302:
VI Breastfeeding in specific situat
Page 303 and 304:
Mothers currently using illicit dru
Page 305 and 306:
Summary of the evidence The effect
Page 307 and 308:
showing a negative association with
Page 309 and 310:
Population/study information breast
Page 311 and 312:
Effect on risk response relationshi
Page 313 and 314:
pregnancy Quality P P P P Results A
Page 315 and 316:
Reference Forster DA, McLachlan HL
Page 317 and 318:
who did not stop smoking. duration
Page 319 and 320:
-1, 5) Not breastfeeding: 1% (95% C
Page 321 and 322:
≥6 vs non-smoker Adj OR (95%CI) n
Page 323 and 324:
Larger hospitals - mothers recruite
Page 325 and 326:
The Merck Manual online version als
Page 327 and 328:
Sufficient evidence was found to ma
Page 329 and 330:
Does return to work negatively affe
Page 331 and 332:
Returned to work (
Page 333 and 334:
N [5] 2079 of 3670 questionnaires r
Page 335 and 336:
Reference [1] Forster DA, McLachlan
Page 337 and 338:
technical 0.32 (95%CI 0.25-0.42) Se
Page 339 and 340:
Reference Scott JA, Aitkin I, Binns
Page 341 and 342:
Contraception and Breastfeeding The
Page 343 and 344:
Authors’ conclusions: Postpartum
Page 345 and 346:
ich countries where there it is aff
Page 347 and 348:
eview by (Bulteel and Henderson 200
Page 349 and 350:
Galactosaemia in Infants Search res
Page 351 and 352:
of birth. Every effort should be ma
Page 353 and 354:
Hepatitis C and HIV co-infected mot
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
significantly affect HCV transmissi
Page 359 and 360:
The PKU handbook includes the follo
Page 361 and 362:
Tuberculosis and Breastfeeding Sear
Page 363 and 364:
Syphillis in Breastfeeding Mothers
Page 365 and 366:
paediatricians (Australian College
Page 367 and 368:
the Cochrane Central Register of Co
Page 369 and 370:
Objectives: To determine the effect
Page 371 and 372:
Objectives: In newborn infants with
Page 373 and 374:
information on bottle-feeding and d
Page 375 and 376:
Cow’s Milk Search results The ini
Page 377 and 378:
The SLR by Wijndaele and colleagues
Page 379 and 380:
infants were fed formula for 1 mont
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Quality 0 (No to 6.2 and 7.4 P P 0
Page 385 and 386:
Reference Conn et al. 2009 Couper e
Page 387 and 388:
eastfed Fe intake was inadequate fo
Page 389 and 390:
England. After the birth, a short q
Page 391 and 392:
food weighing (BM: n =21; BCM: n =
Page 393 and 394:
Population/study information Sample
Page 395 and 396:
positive stools upon cow milk feedi
Page 397 and 398:
data were collected from the parent
Page 399 and 400:
Applicability Y- Denmark Y - Vietna
Page 401 and 402:
milk during infancy can result in s
Page 403 and 404:
X Infant feeding and later Outcomes
Page 405 and 406:
Overall quality assessment (Positiv
Page 407 and 408:
finally recruited. Outcome measure
Page 409 and 410:
Intervention Comparator N Populatio
Page 411 and 412:
elevance Generalisability Y N Y App
Page 413 and 414:
Current advice from the Australasia
Page 415 and 416:
elevant food allergens altogether.
Page 417 and 418:
71. However, it should be recognise
Page 419 and 420:
Obesity and infant feeding The dura
Page 421 and 422:
) Around six months c) Around six m
Page 423 and 424:
The Paediatrics & Child Health Divi
Page 425 and 426:
Belarus found that during the perio
Page 427 and 428:
The American Academy of Pediatrics
Page 429 and 430:
efore age 4 months was associated w
Page 431 and 432:
isk of obesity at age 7 yrs. while
Page 433 and 434:
Effect on risk Positive Positive Ne
Page 435 and 436:
Results Any breastfeeding reduced t
Page 437 and 438:
eastfeeding promotion intervention
Page 439 and 440:
Effect on risk Negative Negative Ne
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Additional Notes Horta: Meta-analys
Page 445 and 446:
socioeconomic status strongly influ
Page 447 and 448:
Breastfeeding and Obesity Notes Whi
Page 449 and 450:
Breastfeeding and Bowel Disease: Co
Page 451 and 452:
Notes on Coeliac Disease and IBD -
Page 453 and 454:
This paper is not directly related
Page 455 and 456:
Table 1 Death rates from coronary a
Page 457 and 458:
Figure 1 Hazard ratios for coronary
Page 459 and 460:
These adaptations permanently ‘re
Page 461 and 462:
postnatal growth—programs to avoi
Page 463 and 464:
“Health care professional’ - a
Page 465 and 466:
7.3. No financial or material induc
Page 467 and 468:
Appendix 460
Page 469 and 470:
9 FISH (S1.1) Data was extracted fr
Page 471 and 472:
allergies. Assigned to n-3 egg, no
Page 473 and 474:
Table 13.1 Studies used to make evi
Page 475 and 476:
14 SUGARS (S1.1) SUGARS and DENTAL
Page 477 and 478:
Effect on risk (Increase/None /Prot
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Clinical importance Clinical releva
Page 483 and 484:
Population/study information [6] Ch
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
obesity (P=0.008) and 6.2-fold risk
Page 491 and 492:
quality and were both conducted in
Page 493 and 494:
associated with a decreased risk of
Page 495 and 496:
The systematic review was of very p
Page 497 and 498:
Effect on risk (0.45-76.85). (OR ra
Page 499 and 500:
excluded. from the Denver metropoli
Page 501 and 502:
21 DIETARY PATTERNS (U1.1) What die
Page 503 and 504:
Applicability Excellent Studies con
Page 505 and 506:
or Neutral) plus descriptive) RESUL
Page 507 and 508:
Table 24.2 Summary used to make evi
Page 509 and 510:
Statistical analysis methods Overal
Page 511 and 512:
from 8 - 12 months (outcome three);
Page 513 and 514:
infants with low z-scores provided
Page 515 and 516:
Kajosaari 1983 and Oddy 1999 report
Page 517 and 518:
of upper respiratory infectionRR 0.
Page 519 and 520:
still be managed individually so th
Page 521 and 522:
Length of follow-up Outcome(s) meas
Page 523 and 524:
0.94 (95% CI 0.87 -1.01). Professio
Page 525 and 526:
Conclusion Additional professional
Page 527 and 528:
Outcome(s) measured INTERNAL VALIDI
Page 529 and 530:
Conclusion PIM is one of the most c
Page 531 and 532:
Table 24.3 Summary used to make evi
Page 533 and 534:
BREASTFEEDING AND SUDDEN INFANT DEA
Page 535 and 536:
RESULTS Outcome EXTERNAL VALIDITY G
Page 537 and 538:
ALCOHOL, CAFFEINE AND BREASTFEEDING
Page 539 and 540:
Table 26.1 Summary of studies to ma
Page 541 and 542:
SELENIUM AND BREASTFEEDING OUTCOMES
Page 543 and 544:
Table 26.2 Summary of studies used
Page 545 and 546:
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED BR
Page 547 and 548:
Total number of participants Popula
Page 549 and 550:
weight loss).Comparison one: contro
Page 551 and 552:
month) (outcome five). For the 8-12
Page 553 and 554:
study also provided data on head ci
Page 555 and 556:
found no reduction in risk of a pos
Page 557 and 558:
espiratory tract infection RR 1.07
Page 559 and 560:
Affiliation/so urce of funds Univer
Page 561 and 562:
Perceived Insufficient Milk (PIM) T
Page 563 and 564:
Overall quality assessment (Positiv
Page 565 and 566:
professional support to be effectiv
Page 567 and 568:
EXTERNAL VALIDITY Generalisabil ity
Page 569 and 570:
people together was specific to bre
Page 571 and 572:
References Abdulwadud Omar, A., & S
Page 573 and 574:
Gatti, L. 2008, "Maternal perceptio
Page 575 and 576:
Poole, J. A., Barriga, K., Leung, D
Page 577 and 578:
Monitoring Breastfeeding in Austral
Page 579 and 580:
Labiner-Wolfe, Judith, Sara B. Fein
Page 581 and 582:
Issues in selecting a growth refere
Page 583 and 584:
that breastfeeding, with exclusive
Page 585 and 586:
they noted that “during the first
Page 587 and 588:
lower percentiles (0.4 and 2 percen
Page 589 and 590:
Breastfeeding is an integral part o
Page 591 and 592:
Royal Australian College of General
Page 593 and 594:
feeding, the AAP firmly adheres to
Page 595 and 596:
If an infant is not breastfed, or i
Page 597 and 598:
Interventions to Promote Breastfeed
Page 599 and 600:
ethnicity or maternal age cannot be
Page 601 and 602:
three months, interventions involvi
Page 603 and 604:
Data Collection and Analysis: We us
Page 605 and 606:
Major Reviews of Infant Feeding 200
Page 607 and 608:
Proportion of adult smokers who hav
Page 609 and 610:
figures indicate that we have littl
Page 611 and 612:
Funding has also been allocated to
Page 613 and 614:
National Longitudinal Survey of Chi
Page 615 and 616:
608
Page 617 and 618:
infectious diseases. There is a lar
Page 619 and 620:
In Queensland, according to the 200
Page 621 and 622:
eastfeeding at 6 months were among
Page 623 and 624:
gestational age or who have experie
Page 625 and 626:
Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeedi
Page 627 and 628:
620
Page 629 and 630:
622
Page 631 and 632:
deficiency has also been associated
Page 633 and 634:
PAHO Guiding Principles for Complem
Page 635 and 636:
Breastfeeding Rates in Australia A
Page 637 and 638:
Population/ study information A tot
Page 639 and 640:
Population/ study information The s
Page 641 and 642:
Type of study Breastfee ding defini
Page 643 and 644:
References Abou-Dakn, M., A. Richar
Page 645 and 646:
Barclay, A. R., R. K. Russell, et a
Page 647 and 648:
Clark, P. M. (1998). "Programming o
Page 649 and 650:
Eglash, A. (2005). "ABM Protocol #8
Page 651 and 652:
Griffiths, D. M. (2004). "Do tongue
Page 653 and 654:
Howard, C. R., N. Lanphear, et al.
Page 655 and 656:
Labiner-Wolfe, J., S. B. Fein, et a
Page 657 and 658:
National Institute of Clinical Stud
Page 659 and 660:
Rasmussen, K. and C. Kjolhede (2004
Page 661 and 662:
Stettler, N. (2007). "Nature and st
Page 663 and 664:
Whitaker-Worth, D. L., V. Carlone,
Page 665 and 666:
INDEX A Abscess ...................
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