Australian Politics and Policy - Senior, 2019a

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Work, employment and industrial relations policy Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) has been the sole peak body for unions since the early 1980s, and it undertakes broad political and policy-based work as part of its activities. It has initiated various equal pay and other wage cases to the body now called the Fair Work Commission (FWC), and lobbied or negotiated with governments. Outcomes achieved over many years include ‘occupational health and safety laws, annual holidays legislation, superannuation, Medicare, the award system, penalty rates for overtime and weekend work, and workplace amenities’. 5 Under conciliation and arbitration, union density (the share of employees who are members of a union) went from 6 per cent in 1901 to around 60 per cent by the early 1950s. 6 From the 1980s, union density declined (see Figure 1), beginning with structural changes in the economy that favoured industries and occupations with low density but were not met with effective union responses, such as organising in new areas. 7 In the 1990s, unions began a process of large-scale amalgamations to capitalise on economies of scale, but union density continued to decrease in the face of attacks by employers and various state and national governments. With the move to enterprise bargaining, the focus of industrial relations shifted to the workplace, but this was a level at which unions were often weakly organised, after focusing for many years on advocacy in tribunals and action in a small number of ‘hot spots’. By 2018 density was around 15 per cent and, with a delay, collective bargaining also declined. 8 Employers and employer associations Employers also form collective organisations. Employer associations are often regarded as the equivalent of unions for employers. Moreover, employers of most people are themselves corporations, which are collectives of capital. Thus, employer associations are industry-based collectives of collectives, formed to counter the associational power of unions. The roles of employer associations vary, depending on the way they developed and the industry or region in which they traditionally operated. These roles have evolved through amalgamations, but have largely centred around the representation of political parties and developing responses to industry or national issues raised by unions. Their activities have changed as employment relations has become increasingly decentralised. They may provide services to their members to assist specifically with managing their employment relations issues. 5 Balnave et al. 2009, 126. 6 Gahan, Pekarek and Nicholson 2018; Peetz and Bailey 2012. 7 Peetz and Bailey 2012, 529. 8 Gahan, Pekarek and Nicholson 2018. 727
Figure 1 Union density. Source: ABS Cat. No. 6310.0, 6323.0, 6325.0, 6333.0.
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Edited by Peter J. Chen, Nicholas B
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Acknowledgments viii Introduction I
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Contents Religious communities and
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Nicholas Barry, John R. Butcher, Pe
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Introduction The study of politics
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Introduction nature tends towards i
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Introduction existence represented
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Introduction it reflects the knowle
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Introduction Section Political soci
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Introduction Meagher, Gabrielle, an
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Introduction research covers policy
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A short political history of Austra
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Australian political thought Loveda
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Australian political thought Anothe
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Australian political thought in suc
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Australian political thought linked
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Australian political thought giving
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Australian political thought andthe
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Australian political thought commit
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Australian political thought The do
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Australian political thought ——
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Marija Taflaga Key terms/names acco
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Executive government This distingui
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Executive government When the Austr
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Executive government Since the late
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Executive government Table 1 Cabine
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Executive government • the overal
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Executive government served its opp
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Executive government Figure 1 The m
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Executive government Shergold, Pete
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Parliaments of Australia role, many
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Parliaments of Australia Table 1 Pa
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Parliaments of Australia Parliament
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Parliaments of Australia Case examp
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Parliaments of Australia Immediatel
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Parliaments of Australia Case examp
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Parliaments of Australia Scrutiny o
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Parliaments of Australia summary, f
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Jill Sheppard Key terms/names compu
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Electoral systems Figure 1 Response
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Electoral systems However, individu
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Electoral systems linedupandfilledi
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Electoral systems Figure 2 Australi
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Electoral systems government’s fo
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Electoral systems to be grouped wit
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Electoral systems Figure 3 Sample b
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Electoral systems Figure 5 Sample b
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Electoral systems About the author
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The Australian party system Party s
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The Australian party system The sec
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The Australian party system respons
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The Australian party system to vote
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The Australian party system Like th
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The Australian party system per cen
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The Australian party system party s
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The Australian party system splits
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The Australian party system Macridi
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The public sector The contemporary
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The public sector back to the 1854
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The public sector In the private se
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The public sector in the public sec
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The public sector Table 1 Compariso
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The public sector Figure 2 Public s
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The public sector whole-of-client s
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The public sector • How should th
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The public sector Parker, R. (1978)
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Mary Griffiths Key terms/names Aust
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Media and democracy Mediatisation T
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Media and democracy into ever narro
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Media and democracy majority of Aus
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Media and democracy consumers is pr
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Media and democracy programming, yo
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Media and democracy Limits of press
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Media and democracy Parliament Hous
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Media and democracy Journalists vig
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Media and democracy ofreplyonasocia
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Grant Hooper Key terms/names appeal
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Courts Suchrightsarefoundinthecommo
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Courts It was clear that the High C
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Courts Figure 1 Generalised Austral
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Courts Figure 3 Generalised NSW cri
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Courts While the rule of law is a c
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Courts or opinions upon policy. We
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Courts jurisprudence, it chose to v
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Courts Perhapsmostcontroversially,a
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Courts Harvey, Callie (2017). Found
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Australian Politics and Policy ment
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Robin Tennant-Wood Key terms/names
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Australian Politics and Policy Tabl
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David Clune and Rodney Smith Key te
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Jock Given Key terms/names Australi
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