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Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
8 PREDECESSORS The short poems of Catullus, which he himself calls nugae 'trifles' (1.4), confront the critic with a paradox: poetry of obviously major significance <strong>and</strong> power which belongs formally to a minor genre. Only poems 11 <strong>and</strong> 5 r, written in the metre associated with Sappho herself, were entitled to lay claim to real lyric status; Catullus' preferred metres — the elegiac couplet, the hendecasyllable, the scazon (limping) iambus — belonged outside the gr<strong>and</strong> tradition. Narrative elegy had of course been written by Callimachus, Philetas <strong>and</strong> Hermesianax; <strong>and</strong> Propertius in particular (3.1.1) acknowledged Callimachus <strong>and</strong> Philetas as his masters. 1 It was, however, the short elegiac epigram that first served Roman poets as a model for a new kind of personal poetry, as it eventually became. Aulus Gellius <strong>and</strong> Cicero have preserved five short epigrams by a trio of accomplished amateurs, Valerius Aedituus, Porcius Licinus <strong>and</strong> Qyintus Lutatius Catulus. These are freely adapted from Hellenistic Greek originals, most of which can be identified in the Greek Anthology. This trio may have been writing as early as 150 B.C.; the fact that they are cited as a group by Gellius does not prove that they formed a literary coterie,* but at least it shows that there existed in the latter part of the second century B.C. a class of Roman literati who were actively interested in exploiting the short personal poem in Latin. That this was not a flash in the pan <strong>and</strong> that this sort of piece continued to be written during the first century is shown by the fragments of nine similar, though less polished compositions unearthed among the Pompeian graffiti. 3 There must have been also continuing stimulation from Greece. More than one anthology of Greek epigram was circulating in Italy during the century or so before Catullus; one of the most influential must have been the Garl<strong>and</strong> (ZT&JXSCVOS) of Meleager, whose own poems flaunted many of the ideas <strong>and</strong> images singled out for attack by Lucretius in his famous polemic against false manifestations of love. 4 More original than such adaptive exercises was the highly experimental Muse 1 The extent of his debt to Philetas is obscure: Ross (1975a) 120 n. 2. * Ross (1969a) 140-2 <strong>and</strong> n. 61. 3 Ross (19695), (1969a) 147-9. 4 <strong>Kenney</strong> (1970a) 381-5. 175 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
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THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CLASSICAL
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THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CLASSICAL
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CONTENTS List of plates P°g e xii
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CONTENTS 11 Cicero and the relation
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CONTENTS PART V! EARLY PRINCIPATE 2
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CONTENTS 41 Minor figures 770 by RO
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PREFACE The Cambridge History of Cl
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Anth. Lat. ANRW Bardon BT Bude Burs
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OCT Para via PIR PL PLF PLM PLRE PM
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READERS AND CRITICS Cambridge Histo
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BOOKS AND READERS IN THE ROMAN WORL
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BOOKS AND READERS IN THE ROMAN WORL
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EDUCATION The same dependence, and
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EDUCATION Such were the characteris
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AUTHOR AND PUBLIC his work on a sma
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AUTHOR AND PUBLIC was of humble or
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AUTHOR AND PUBLIC remained relative
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BOOKS AND PUBLICATION Greek papyri
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BOOKS AND PUBLICATION In antiquity
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BOOKS AND PUBLICATION "We are on sl
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BOOKS AND READERS IN THE ROMAN WORL
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THE 'FATA LIBELLORUM' conditions
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THE 'FATA LIBELLORUM' to look. Even
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SCHOLARSHIP AND CRITICISM panion vo
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THE SENSE OF 'LIBER' two books, as
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2 LITERARY CRITICISM Literary criti
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THE 'ACADEMICS' for we find him ass
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THE 'ACADEMICS' on the prominence o
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THE 'ACADEMICS' some distinguished
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THE 'ACADEMICS' descended to erotic
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THE 'ACADEMICS' before it three pre
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THE CRAFTSMEN ON THEIR CRAFTS to su
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THE CRAFTSMEN ON THEIR CRAFTS foren
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THE CRAFTSMEN ON THEIR CRAFTS to ju
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II EARLY REPUBLIC Cambridge Histori
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THE GENESIS OF POETRY IN ROME I. TH
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THE PRE-LITERARY BACKGROUND The lin
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THE PRE-LITERARY BACKGROUND This ar
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THE EARLIEST EPIC POETRY Despite a
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THE SCOPE AND CONTENTS OF THE ANNAL
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THE SCOPE AND CONTENTS OF THE ANNAL
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ENNIUS AND THE MUSES Virgil's time
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ENNIUS THE HELLENISTIC POET the Gra
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ENNIUS THE HELLENISTIC POET anapaes
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ENNIUS THE HELLENISTIC POET anachro
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ENNIUS THE HELLENISTIC POET This is
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ENNIUS THE HELLENISTIC POET wind-si
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5 DRAMA I. THE ORIGINS OF ROMAN DRA
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THE ORIGINS OF ROMAN DRAMA story in
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THE ORIGINS OF ROMAN DRAMA not only
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THE ORIGINS OF ROMAN DRAMA record t
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THE ORIGINS OF ROMAN DRAMA declaime
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THE ORIGINS OF ROMAN DRAMA Greek pr
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THE ORIGINS OF ROMAN DRAMA poets fr
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THE ORIGINS OF ROMAN DRAMA a well-d
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THE ORIGINS OF ROMAN DRAMA and who
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LIGHT DRAMA Plautus (i) The authent
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LIGHT DRAMA Carthaginian' = Karched
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LIGHT DRAMA (Alexis may have). Lycu
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LIGHT DRAMA fore cannot logically a
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LIGHT DRAMA style, and yet the vers
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LIGHT DRAMA Characterization is not
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LIGHT DRAMA exploits and strategy w
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LIGHT DRAMA City One is, through ex
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LIGHT DRAMA Ballio's entrance in Ps
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LIGHT DRAMA mentioned as outsiders,
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LIGHT DRAMA He lists several object
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LIGHT DRAMA Menander, but distorted
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LIGHT DRAMA ing, and because of the
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LIGHT DRAMA and even spectacular
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THE POEM politics, law, and public
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THE POEM and which would at the sam
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THE POEM poetry in too cerebral a m
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CICERO'S ATTITUDE TO CULTURE gorean
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CICERO'S ATTITUDE TO CULTURE date i
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ORATORY AS CICERO FOUND IT trumped
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ORATORY IN CICERO AND HIS CONTEMPOR
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ORATORY IN CICERO AND HIS CONTEMPOR
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ORATORY IN CICERO AND HIS CONTEMPOR
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ORATORY IN CICERO AND HIS CONTEMPOR
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ORATORY IN CICERO AND HIS CONTEMPOR
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VERSE Lines of similar structure to
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LETTERS In letter no. 9, long enoug
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SPEECHES We may surmise however tha
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SPEECHES Exordia, in Cicero's opini
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SPEECHES He executed all the prison
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DIALOGUES AND TREATISES As his prim
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DIALOGUES AND TREATISES Yet the De
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DIALOGUES AND TREATISES Senate and
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DIALOGUES AND TREATISES his daughte
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DIALOGUES AND TREATISES dared to br
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LITERARY INFLUENCE IN ANTIQUITY fea
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SALLUST known as the 'Catiline'), p
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SALLUST over distinction between bo
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SALLUST recent history? An answer i
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SALLUST to seem good' is high prais
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SALLUST moves closer to biography.
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SALLUST Many asyndeta do not effect
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13 CAESAR C. Julius Caesar's surviv
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CAESAR Tigurini on the river Arar,
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CAESAR the Gallic Wars. Indeed it w
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VARRO to explain how, in a full lif
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VARRO found in Menippus, a third-ce
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CORNELIUS NEPOS Nepos' shallow lear
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PROSE AND MIME 3. THE LITERARY MIME
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IV THE AGE OF AUGUSTUS Cambridge Hi
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15 UNCERTAINTIES Cicero was murdere
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UNCERTAINTIES the decline of civili
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16 THEOCRITUS AND VIRGIL Theocritus
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THEOCRITUS AND VIRGIL The Idyll beg
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VIRGIL AND THEOCRITUS rusticana). O
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VIRGIL AND THEOCRITUS eleventh Idyl
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VIRGIL AND THEOCRITUS ness on the p
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THE BOOK OF ECLOGUES M. Pollio hims
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THE BOOK OF ECLOGUES lective beauty
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THREE ECLOGUES tion that it was wri
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THREE ECLOGUES — an allusion to C
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THREE ECLOGUES reader's, unschooled
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POLITICAL BACKGROUND The poem deals
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INTENTION AND NATURE OF THE POEM im
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STRUCTURE farmer's calendar. Passag
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STRUCTURE Troy. Caesar himself has
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STRUCTURE principle, which could th
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STRUCTURE ported by the logos and i
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18 THE AENElD I. THE AENEID AND ITS
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AUGUSTAN BACKGROUND story became we
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AUGUSTAN BACKGROUND ut cum carcerib
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AUGUSTAN BACKGROUND nothing other t
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LITERARY BACKGROUND and Hecuba', el
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LITERARY BACKGROUND euertere opum i
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COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE technique
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THE CHIEF CHARACTERS forward and si
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THE CHIEF CHARACTERS his Trojans ha
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THE CHIEF CHARACTERS development of
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THE CHIEF CHARACTERS world the best
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THE CHIEF CHARACTERS But that was e
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THE CHIEF CHARACTERS aspects of Tur
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DESTINY AND RELIGION he could trans
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DESTINY AND RELIGION their individu
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STYLE AND METRE can on occasion use
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STYLE AND METRE more cannot be said
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STYLE AND METRE caesura to line end
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CONCLUSION Deiphobus; the deaths of
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A CRITIQUE OF THE TRADITIONAL STERE
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A CRITIQUE OF THE TRADITIONAL STERE
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A CRITIQUE OF THE TRADITIONAL STERE
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A CRITIQUE OF THE TRADITIONAL STERE
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A CRITIQUE OF THE TRADITIONAL STERE
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A CRITIQUE OF THE TRADITIONAL STERE
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A CRITIQUE OF THE TRADITIONAL STERE
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A CRITIQUE OF THE TRADITIONAL STERE
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A CRITIQUE OF THE ACADEMIC DICHOTOM
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A CRITIQUE OF THE ACADEMIC DICHOTOM
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A CRITIQUE OF THE ACADEMIC DICHOTOM
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A CRITIQUE OF THE ACADEMIC DICHOTOM
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A CRITIQUE OF THE ACADEMIC DICHOTOM
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A CRITIQUE OF THE ACADEMIC DICHOTOM
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A CRITIQUE OF THE ACADEMIC DICHOTOM
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A CRITIQUE OF THE ACADEMIC DICHOTOM
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A CRITIQUE OF THE ACADEMIC DICHOTOM
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20 LOVE ELEGY I. GENERAL INTRODUCTI
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION transform Gree
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LOVE ELEGY (
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CORNELIUS CALLUS twenties. Of the f
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ALBIUS TIBULLUS mythological or oth
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SEXTUS PROPERTIUS taken from his ea
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PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO the countrysid
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OTHER ELEGISTS The Latin love elegy
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'FAME IS THE SPUR' The symbols are
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THE HEROIDES resultant action is en
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THE HEROIDES Dido threaten; the des
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THE HEROIDES Finally his impatience
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THE FASTI (Acontius and Cydippe), C
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THE METAMORPHOSES tragic (Cephalus
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THE METAMORPHOSES to new things'
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THE METAMORPHOSES by contrast, now
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THE METAMORPHOSES another catalogue
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THE METAMORPHOSES (13.i—398). Thi
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THE METAMORPHOSES maintained by the
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THE POEMS OF EXILE Ovid was not a p
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THE POEMS OF EXILE distinction is c
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THE POEMS OF EXILE ingenio tamen ip
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THE POEMS OF EXILE 10), or his pers
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THE POEMS OF EXILE The language and
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THE POEMS OF EXILE light the Tristi
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THE POEMS OF EXILE Ovid's was a muc
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ACHIEVEMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS in
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LIVY Historical activity had flouri
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LIVY a basis a narrative which he c
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LIVY of Abydus is told in terms of
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LIVY lights occurs when the Aequi t
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23 MINOR FIGURES I. POETRY The poet
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POETRY unlike the Copa and Moretum,
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POETRY survival, written according
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POETRY Messallae of 31 B.C. 1 A hig
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POETRY The elegiac, on the other ha
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POETRY Codrusque ille canit, quali
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POETRY saepe suas uolucres legit mi
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POETRY concerns the origins of astr
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POETRY utque per ingentis populus d
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POETRY Rome, it seems, never lost h
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POETRY while fr. i, T, ., ' Idaeos
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POETRY Pedo is more Virgilian. Usua
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POETRY another area of Latin litera
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PROSE apotheosis in a stiff, rather
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V EARLY PRINCIPATE Cambridge Histor
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24 CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE The first
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CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE home towns a
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CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE under August
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25 PERSIUS The satires of Persius a
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SATIRE 2 high-quality honour' (inco
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SATIRE 4 (In the second, one notes
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SATIRE 6 enlightened self-indulgenc
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26 THE YOUNGER SENECA I. INTRODUCTI
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THE STYLISTIC REVOLUTIONARY while i
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SENECAN PROSE You tell me {you say)
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SENECAN PROSE In either case, howev
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SENECAN PROSE Pensies — a paragra
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SENECAN TRAGEDY that the literate p
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SENECAN TRAGEDY literature (modern
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SENECAN TRAGEDY reproduced for thei
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SENECAN TRAGEDY an Attendant; and t
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SENECAN TRAGEDY eclipse, or is the
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THE OCTAVIA in modern discussions,
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27 LUCAN Petronius' classicistic re
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LUCAN to warrant the hypothesis of
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LUCAN declamation, epode — all st
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LUCAN The imminent rupture of all l
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LUCAN Likewise, in the sphere of di
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LUCAN As with poetic diction, so wi
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LUCAN No rural Pan dwelt there, no
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LUCAN desertion is premature; worse
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LUCAN at uagus Afer equos ut primum
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LUCAN The horses are stabbed, not s
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LUCAN Lucan now completes his demol
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LUCAN non Euri cessasse minas, non
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LUCAN proves right: he remains outs
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INTRODUCTORY It was only at the Ren
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INTRODUCTORY thoroughly vindicated.
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STATIUS fantasia on a curious plane
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STATIUS quality of his verse. To th
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STATIUS a propempticon, since it wi
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STATIUS ancient poets, with a unive
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STATIUS elements in the poems, but
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STATIUS no less many-sided are its
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STATIUS The epic ends on a note of
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STATIUS ing mania spreads to Argos
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STATIUS lengthy battle scenes (Book
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VALERIUS sense to Valerius' detrime
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VALERIUS object. By such a metamorp
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VALERIUS feeble and attenuated: obs
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VALERIUS you are astounded, I know
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VALERIUS instead a historic Weltbil
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SILIUS Pliny's words have survived
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SILIUS the recipient of a divine be
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SILIUS miniature. Silius' cura has
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29 MARTIAL AND JUVENAL On the usual
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MARTIAL AND JUVENAL Faustinas' vill
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MARTIAL AND JUVENAL dictate to him:
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MARTIAL AND JUVENAL to laud the new
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MARTIAL AND JUVENAL imagination, an
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MARTIAL AND JUVENAL selection is ap
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MARTIAL AND JUVENAL never seen dire
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MARTIAL AND JUVENAL at his disposal
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MARTIAL AND JUVENAL the first of wh
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MARTIAL AND JUVENAL rifle the resou
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MARTIAL AND JUVENAL tives, Grecisms
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MARTIAL AND JUVENAL Now autumn With
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MARTIAL AND JUVENAL Likewise Juvena
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MARTIAL AND JUVENAL derision. Juven
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PHAEDRUS fables had appeared only i
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CALPURNIUS SICULUS patron represent
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LAUS PISONIS favoured never feared
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EPIGRAMS group of verses, on Claudi
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31 PROSE SATIRE I. APOCOLOCYNTOSIS
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PROSE SATIRE 2. PETRONIUS Petronius
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PETRONIUS arrestingly adapted, the
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32 HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY I. VELLEIU
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VELLEIUS PATERCULUS Atticus (Cic. B
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TACITUS compelled the attention of
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TACITUS demonstrate his talents rat
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TACITUS Tacitus begins his Historie
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TACITUS weaving details or opinions
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TACITUS writing. Tacitus' style is
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TACITUS Verbal sharpness, concomita
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TACITUS sension and lust for power
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PLINY THE YOUNGER serious request f
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PLINY THE YOUNGER affected. By blen
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HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY 5. SUETONIUS
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SUETONIUS not so much because of it
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FLORUS as hero (see 2.14.4—6), th
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33 TECHNICAL WRITING 1. POMPONIUS M
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COLUMELLA sension as he is independ
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PLINY THE ELDER was both patriotic
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FRONTINUS well have sought a very p
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QUINTILIAN In the long technical se
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FRONTO on threadbare themes exude t
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AULUS GELLIUS has benefited us grea
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VI LATER PRINCIPATE Cambridge Histo
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35 INTRODUCTORY The period to be st
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INTRODUCTORY regions as the militar
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INTRODUCTORY only in the Greek lang
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INTRODUCTORY between Ambrose and Sy
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INTRODUCTORY significant way differ
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POETRY characteristics. The first i
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POETRY It has been dated at various
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POETRY of Man, but it is very doubt
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POETRY Trier to become tutor to Gra
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POETRY In the words of a perceptive
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POETRY The prey is hooked, and slan
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POETRY been challenged. They are br
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POETRY centuries saw the flourishin
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POETRY looked like; and of Stilicho
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POETRY Posteritas, admitte fidem: m
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POETRY which he did not wish to sur
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POETRY is characteristic of the cla
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POETRY while adopting the latter. T
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POETRY which Valentinian and his fa
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POETRY of date, and it is clear tha
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37 BIOGRAPHY The form of imperial b
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BIOGRAPHY wise unknown authorities
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BIOGRAPHY concerned with anti-Chris
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BIOGRAPHY Laomedon to the capture o
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BIOGRAPHY hearted commitment to a s
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HISTORY Not all Republican or early
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HISTORY themselves to a readership
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HISTORY long and discursive history
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HISTORY mentators. But it also cont
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HISTORY Julian's teacher and friend
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HISTORY There survives in a medieva
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HISTORY summary fashion, either by
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HISTORY are unknown to us, but bear
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HISTORY particular from Virgil. His
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HISTORY of Nazianzus. Most of these
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HISTORY All these points demanded c
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39 ORATORY AND EPISTOLOGRAPHY The s
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ORATORY AND EPISTOLOGRAPHY and othe
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ORATORY AND EPISTOLOGRAPHY as one o
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ORATORY AND EPISTOLOGRAPHY to Valen
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SCHOLARS works as Varro's Res rusti
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SCHOLARS platonist mystic worship o
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GRAMMARIANS read and write. In ever
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GRAMMARIANS is sound rather than or
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MINOR FIGURES rate rhetorical purpl
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MINOR FIGURES the courts during Dio
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APULEIUS (' On the commonwealth') a
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APULEIUS exhorting those readers to
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APULEIUS guard a corpse led to his
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APULEIUS The two main anecdotes in
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APULEIUS a traditionally dissolute
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APULEIUS attributable to an impulsi
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VII EPILOGUE Cambridge Histories On
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The primary aim of any literary his
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EPILOGUE Of the epic composed betwe
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EPILOGUE pastoral now exists side b
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EPILOGUE the Tuscidans and from the
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APPENDICES Cambridge Histories Onli
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS ANDRO
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS had i
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS that
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS disco
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS M. Ta
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS schol
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Moste
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS CAECI
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Carth
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS (5) P
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS B. Ta
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS expli
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS editi
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS I. Ma
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS (190
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS at Nu
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS WORKS
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS 73-10
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Heine
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS A. S.
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS durin
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS M.H.
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS (1) E
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Hagen
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS possi
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Aenea
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Page
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS TIBUL
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Baile
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS M. Ha
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS ' Beo
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Catal
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS ancie
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS BIBLI
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS VITRU
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS (Amst
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS 13th
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS WORKS
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS favou
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS (1970
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS 290-3
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Guill
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Lustr
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS WORKS
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS ascri
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS PETRO
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Velle
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS TEXTS
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND "WORKS 15 (
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS SUETO
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS STUDI
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS COLUM
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Plini
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS FRONT
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Bowde
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS STUDI
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS BIBLI
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Honor
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS STUDI
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS (birt
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Cooke
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS IUSTI
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS WORKS
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS STUDI
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS Neuja
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS P. Co
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS DONAT
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS BIBLI
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APPENDIX OF AUTHORS AND WORKS de Gh
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METRICAL APPENDIX should be disrega
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METRICAL APPENDIX Trochaic septenar
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WORKS CITED IN THE TEXT (1967). Kor
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WORKS CITED IN THE TEXT Cichorius,
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WORKS CITED IN THE TEXT Fiske, G. C
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WORKS CITED IN THE TEXT Harder, R.
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WORKS CITED IN THE TEXT Knowles, M.
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WORKS CITED IN THE TEXT Mohrmann, C
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WORKS CITED IN THE TEXT Pighi, G. B
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WORKS CITED IN THE TEXT Seitz, K. (
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WORKS CITED IN THE TEXT Watson, A.
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I Rome, Museo Nazionale Romano. Fra
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III PQasr Ibrim L 1/2. Part of a pa
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