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98 activity.' It is also used with intransitive verbs to give this meaning to the verbs. Infixation with -eum- is similar to that with -eun- discussed in 2.1.5.1; it requires a two- syllable stem. 2.2.1.5.1 With T*9-Syll»bl» W
99 "epenthesis" and "reduplicative prefix", which are very similar to those applied to roots for the infixation of -eun- discussed in 2.1.5.1.2. [i]. Epenthesis. One-syllable words beginning with consonant clusters [CI] or [Cr], where C is a stop, are made two-syllable stems by epenthesizing the vowel [eji] between the two consonants of the clusters. trom 'to kick with one's heel (tr.);' teumeurom 'to kick with one's heel (int.)' olet 'to wind a rope around something (tr.);' aeumeulet 'to wind with a rope (int.)' 101. Hana asi teumeurom. NEG allowed kick (int.) 'No kicking please.' [ii]. Reduplicative Prefix. One-syllable words beginning with a consonant or a consonant cluster in the form of [Ch], where C is a stop, are made two-syllable stems by adding a reduplicative prefix. For example, a monosyllabic root such as sek 'to weed (tr.)' is made disyllabic by adding seu- (reduplicative prefix) to the root, resulting in *seusek. -gum- is infixed between the initial s_ and gu.: seumeusek 'to weed (int.)' tak 'to chop (tr.);' teumeutak 'to chop (int.)' koh 'to cut (tr.);' keumeukoh 'to cut (int.)'
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->*- - l£iOEt4
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A contextual grammar of Acehnese se
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INFORMATION TO USERS While the most
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A CONTEXTUAL GRAMMAR OF ACEHNESE SE
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For my wife and my children ii
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found a way to help me. With Prof.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACK
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3.3.1 Subject 149 3.3.2 Predicate 1
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Table LIST OF TABLES 1. Pronouns 40
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Meulaboh) and in South Aceh (Capita
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North Aceh dialect. The Greater Ace
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[u] . In the following words, [u] i
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8 will be able to tell that the oth
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10 nothing much to add to what Duri
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12 Other important points in the th
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1.4.1 Phonetic Inventory 14 Acehnes
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16 In addition to single consonants
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18 Besides single vowels, there are
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20 which is [rapa?i] 'traditional A
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a). [w] is written as an. 22 beukah
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'i 'e [iii]. Diphthongs 24 Nasal Vo
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26 1.4.3 Writing Borrowed Words Man
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(ii) PP's: 28 di rumoh* 'in house (
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30 except those marked as unaccepta
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32 ethnography, the dialects, previ
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CHAPTER 2 DERIVATION OF FOUR CLASSE
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2.1 Nouns 36 Nouns are such words a
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38 pronouns are usually made into p
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Person Pronouns 40 Table 1: Pronoun
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42 4. t'oh 'which, any,' beurangkat
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44 3. Aneuk nyan saket-jifl. Child
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46 not any grammatical process comp
Page 70 and 71: 48 '"Teungku" from Bayu.' The follo
Page 72 and 73: 50 kai 'a fourth of an are' gantano
Page 74 and 75: 52 23. Peuet bak bak u payah koh. F
Page 76 and 77: 54 30. Limong go on bubong treuk ka
Page 78 and 79: 56 2.1.5.1.2 Inflation jn Qne-SyUab
Page 80 and 81: 58 37. Bajee nyoe ka teuplbh ceuneu
Page 82 and 83: 60 tirut 'pointed, smaller and smal
Page 84 and 85: 62 with the first syllable omitted
Page 86 and 87: adverbs. 64 beurangkari 'any, any o
Page 88 and 89: 2.2 Verbs sioeue 'one thing' siKrek
Page 90 and 91: 2.2.1.1.1 Noun Sterna 68 Many verbs
Page 92 and 93: 70 muminveuk 'to make cooking oil'
Page 94 and 95: 72 'to use musical instrument,' meu
Page 96 and 97: 74 meukanto 'to build or occupy a p
Page 98 and 99: 76 meu?eunokot 'to sell fish from p
Page 100 and 101: 78 67. Di Ion lon-mumakmeuoang di g
Page 102 and 103: 80 mubrok 'to be in bad terms (with
Page 104 and 105: 82 this is rather strange because t
Page 106 and 107: 84 meuteubiet-teubiet 'everyone is
Page 108 and 109: 86 b). Some verbs are formed from k
Page 110 and 111: with.' 88 peugaki 'to push with one
Page 112 and 113: 90 89. Jeh-pat ceurape. Ka-peulet b
Page 114 and 115: 92 [iv]. With numerals and guantifi
Page 116 and 117: 94 97. Ka meutet surat saboh. PERF
Page 118 and 119: 96 Table 3: "tu-words' 1. soe 'who,
Page 122 and 123: 100 got 'to pull (tr.);' aeumeuaot
Page 124 and 125: 102 2.2.1.5.5 Initial Svllabla Omis
Page 126 and 127: 2.2.1.7 cau- and -sur.- 104 As used
Page 128 and 129: 106 It should be noted that words d
Page 130 and 131: 108 113. Jih leubeh carong nibak ge
Page 132 and 133: 110 a). With some verbs meu - means
Page 134 and 135: 2.3.1.2 aau- -aun- 112 These two af
Page 136 and 137: hunchbacked' 114 tahe 'amazed;' teu
Page 138 and 139: 116 [ii]. Past Time Adverbs. To for
Page 140 and 141: 118 into hi- discussed in [i.a] abo
Page 142 and 143: 120 (3.3.3.4.2). The clause followi
Page 144 and 145: 122 Unlike adjectives, adverbs of m
Page 146 and 147: 124 beurangka'oh 'in any manner' me
Page 148 and 149: 2.5 F"""p*-Y 126 geureub'um* reubah
Page 150 and 151: 3.1 Word Qrdar CHAPTER 3 SENTENCES
Page 152 and 153: 130 Compare also the intonation of
Page 154 and 155: 132 seems to be the basic order for
Page 156 and 157: 3.2 Intonation 134 Intonation varie
Page 158 and 159: 136 11. Aneuk-miet nyang saket brat
Page 160 and 161: 138 c). A PP: a predicate or a PP i
Page 162 and 163: 29. Nyari^fliantong*. That still 14
Page 164 and 165: 142 3.2.3 intonation in "Predicate-
Page 166 and 167: 144 Every time fronting occurs with
Page 168 and 169: 146 3.2.6 Intonation in Questions w
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148 Acehnese: Jih ji-jak u keude. [
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150 because the sentence should beg
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152 sentence where two such NP's ha
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154 active sentences by subject NP'
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156 definitions of subjects. Due to
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158 In all sentences below, the ini
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160 As a subject, ureueng nyan can
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162 87. Keubiri nyoe asee nya*n ji-
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164 97. Lon ji-poh le jih. I 3y-bea
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Aspect 166 »I Modal }MD (PP)(PP) P
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168 teungoh 'middle' (Progressive)
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170 116. Lon meuseuti Ion-woe jinoe
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172 able, have the ability.' The ve
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174 3.3.3.4 The Positions of Adverb
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176 Adverbs of result are expressed
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149. 178 Di gopnyan sabe awai trok-
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follows. 180 keudeh and hare/sare '
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182 meanings, keudeh implies 'indee
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184 164. Bah beu hinan-jih keudeh.
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I 186 However, one can express an o
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188 [ii]. treuk. treuk is used imme
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190 186. Krueng nyoe sit sabe peuno
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192 followed by a statement saying
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200. Ji-pajoh lagoe. 3-eat SUR 194
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196 205. Ka lagoe ji-woe. PERF SUR
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198 211. [[duwa droejj-jureueng [sa
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200 217. ureueng kemeukoh kamoe per
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202 224. Ka-cok ija nyang gleh sikr
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204 231. Baroe lon-bloe lhee boh pa
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206 of the subject NP, and often wi
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208 240. Teungku-teungku nyang meuh
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210 245. Nyoe long-pakat nyang gala
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212 i 254. Luweue-geuh panyang-pany
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214 intonation. This is the intonat
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216 present, it is possible in Aceh
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218 2 69. Di macut geu-neuk woe u g
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220 [iv]. Another syntactic functio
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222 [vii]. di is also used in sente
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224 290. Nyoe kurusi nyoe karap sab
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226 is often omitted in context, or
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228 intonation, the order subject-p
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230 b) *Di kamoe hana turi gopnyan.
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10. a) Ma 232 na-geuh di rumoh. Mot
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234 animal subjects. (From now on,
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236 27. a) Ureueng nyan teukhem-geu
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4.1 Subject Conditions 238 In my pr
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240 41. Rumoh gopnyan ji-hadap u la
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242 .* *• b) *Ube nyang ka neu-pe
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244 therefore, necessary to redefin
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246 65. Trep-trep meugeuratan-jih s
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70. 'Etnha neu-jak? Where 2r-go 248
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Translation: 250 (7) Tiep uroe ^3 j
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252 or other modifiers. Actually it
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Translation: 254 $. Karap h'an ji-t
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256 Subject omission is also obliga
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258 meaning (p)), such as mubeuno '
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260 83. Beuklam lon-lumpoe saket ma
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). Other adjectives: Hu'ih 'cruel'
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264 These non-volitional verbs and
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266 97. Jih hana pajoh bu ka lhee u
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268 adjective must always be preced
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270 [ii]. Enclitics are also regula
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272 The enclitic from the verb J_aJ
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274 person pronouns, lon/lontuwan '
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276 126. Teungku=apa=jep kupi? Titl
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278 Agent cliticization is very com
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280 b) Jalan teungoh geu-sek(*-geuh
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282 143. Padit are neu-bloe breueh?
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284 Questions with question words a
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286 156. Ta-peudbng keunoe Vespa-te
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288 161. * fSI Mae ngon Teungku di
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4.9.4 In Relative Clauses 290 In re
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292 176. Long-sangka beungeh-neuh.
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294 meuhajat 'to intend' peulheueh
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296 b) Gopnyan galak-geuh geu-jak u
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298 a focus construction, which cau
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300 When the complement of bri or p
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302 201. Peugah-peugah mantong pane
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304 4.9.8 In Introductory Clauses B
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306 referencing, and agreement vari
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308 (See 2.2.1.8.) Thus, the clause
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310 6. Radio lon teungoh geu-cuba p
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312 11. Di lon ban jaga-lon nibak t
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15. Abang 314 ka qeu-Jak-(*qeu-)blo
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316 sentences without verb serializ
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318 b) Lon geu-yue=jak u keude le a
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320 Compare the meanings of the two
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322 These verbs are not entirely ho
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324 45. Rumoh nyoe lbn-neuk-vue=kar
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5.2 NP Complements 326 Clauses can
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328 56. Lon-lumpoe (??nyang) keude
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330 62. Some formal characteristics
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332 66. Lon-kalbn sik^fh geu-mat ba
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334 71. Macut geu-dawa aneuk pya?h,
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336 77. a) Si Tij ji-lumpoe (*jihj)
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338 iak 'I am not going.' However,
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340 [iv]. If the complement has an
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342 lakee 'to ask, to demand' deunq
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344 98. Jih hana ji-takot (*nyang)
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346 104. Pane ta-tujan (pajan) ji-p
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348 believe, know, say, think, prov
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350 keumeung (also neuk 'to want')
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352 b) Guru geu-anggap-teuh salah.
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354 115.*Geutanyoe geu-anggap le gu
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356 preceding section, but here the
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358 Similar to NP complements, obli
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360 Among the verbs from the list t
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362 mubit 'to persist, to strive' m
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5.3 vp complements 364 We can disti
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366 155. Pakon galak-neuh beungeh-n
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368 are verbs that do not allow the
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370 the verb of the complement in t
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372 at5 'to schedule, to direct' pe
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374 184. Droeneuh h'an ji-bri »jep
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kalon 'to see' noieng 'to see' deun
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CHAPTER 6 RELATIVE CLAUSES AND FOCU
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380 head NP ureueng and nvan modifi
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382 b) Na lon-kalon kameng nyang pa
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384 13. Ureueng (nyang) meukat gule
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386 22. Pue neu-jak peugah nyan bak
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388 27. Di gampong gopnyan le ureue
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390 35. a) Ureueng (nyang) meudike
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392 37. d) Ureueng kamoe * (nyang)
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394 b) ??Aneuk-geuh ubit saket. Chi
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396 b) Ureueng * (nyang) tutbng rum
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398 b) Ri *(nyang) lbn-cok brbk. An
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400 kri and ban can be combined to
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402 65. Hana lon-tupeue (nyang) geu
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404 mupat 'known (where/place)' meu
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406 76. Nyang golom tho payah adee
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Translation: 408 na / nvang rava. t
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410 88. Nyang sa geu-peuduwa, nyang
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412 .. 4* 94. Ureueng nyang (*geu-)
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414 It is interesting that some ver
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416 b) Pisang nyang jih-pula ka ji-
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418 s 112. a) Ayah geu-bri peng keu
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420 116. a) Mie nyan galak-geuh le
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422 after the verb. Thus, before ag
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424 127. a) Bajee nyoe hana galak-g
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426 128. c) Aneuk nyang hana geu-br
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428 131. a)*Bajee nyang ji-cop di t
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430 Acehnese (6.2). The topicalized
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432 b) Na teuingat-neuh uroe (watee
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434 usually optional, but the prepo
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436 'The hills which were on my lef
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438 locational prepositions, except
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440 155. a) Pinto nyoe ji-kurek ngo
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442 c) Ho ka meja nyang droeneuh du
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444 stacked relative clauses in the
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446 that the last modifier be expre
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448 1 _ .. 172. Ureueng dong bak ja
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450 175. Nyan bek neu-tanyong bak l
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452 Acehnese does not have a non-re
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454 b) Utoh Tal>e"* nyang peugbt pi
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[ii]. Proper noun: 456 191. Teungku
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458 sentence. This method is termed
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460 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, John M.
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4 62 Dillon, George L. Introduction
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464 Milner, George B. "On the Centr
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