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200. Ji-pajoh lagoe. 3-eat SUR 194 Tt i_ eating (this). (I thought it was not.)' 201. Ka tuha that lagoe. (not: »laqbe that) IN old very SUR Tt is very old. (You promised a new one./ You said it was still new. I am disappointed.)' 202. Mameh that lagoe. Sweet very SUR Tt is very sweet. (You said/I thought it was sour/bitter.)' 203. Nyan jeuet-keuh lagoe. That able-2. SUR 'You can do it! (You said/I thought you cannot.)' If the predicate contains a direct object, lagoe is usually placed after the object. But if the object is a heavy NP consisting of an NP and a long modifier, lag'oe is placed after the verb and the NP is placed after it, as in (b) below. 204. a) Hana ka-peu?ek kayee lagoe? NEG 2y-bring-up wood SUR 'Why didn't you bring up (fire)wood?'
195 b) Hana ka-peu?ek lagoe kayee nyang ka tho NEG 2y-bring-up SUR wood which IN dry di leuen? in front-of-house 'Why didn't you bring up the (fire)wood which is already dry in front of the house? Placing lagoe after a heavy NP object is also acceptable, but there is a slight change in meaning, lag'oe has the effect of placing the focus on the word or phrase before it. Thus, (c) is acceptable, but it means that the addressee brought up (into the house) some firewood, but not the firewood which is in front of the house, whereas (b) may mean either (c) or that the addressee did not bring up any firewood at all. c) Hana ka-peu?ek kayee nyang ka tho di NEG 2y-bring-up wood which IN dry in leuen lagoe? front-of-house SUR 'Why didn't you bring up the (fire)wood which is already dry in front of the house? lagbe can also be placed after an aspect word or modal, instead of after the verb or adjective, if the aspect word or modal is going to be focused.
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->*- - l£iOEt4
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A contextual grammar of Acehnese se
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INFORMATION TO USERS While the most
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A CONTEXTUAL GRAMMAR OF ACEHNESE SE
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For my wife and my children ii
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found a way to help me. With Prof.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACK
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3.3.1 Subject 149 3.3.2 Predicate 1
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Table LIST OF TABLES 1. Pronouns 40
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Meulaboh) and in South Aceh (Capita
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North Aceh dialect. The Greater Ace
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[u] . In the following words, [u] i
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8 will be able to tell that the oth
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10 nothing much to add to what Duri
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12 Other important points in the th
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1.4.1 Phonetic Inventory 14 Acehnes
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16 In addition to single consonants
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18 Besides single vowels, there are
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20 which is [rapa?i] 'traditional A
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a). [w] is written as an. 22 beukah
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'i 'e [iii]. Diphthongs 24 Nasal Vo
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26 1.4.3 Writing Borrowed Words Man
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(ii) PP's: 28 di rumoh* 'in house (
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30 except those marked as unaccepta
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32 ethnography, the dialects, previ
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CHAPTER 2 DERIVATION OF FOUR CLASSE
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2.1 Nouns 36 Nouns are such words a
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38 pronouns are usually made into p
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Person Pronouns 40 Table 1: Pronoun
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42 4. t'oh 'which, any,' beurangkat
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44 3. Aneuk nyan saket-jifl. Child
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46 not any grammatical process comp
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48 '"Teungku" from Bayu.' The follo
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50 kai 'a fourth of an are' gantano
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52 23. Peuet bak bak u payah koh. F
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54 30. Limong go on bubong treuk ka
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56 2.1.5.1.2 Inflation jn Qne-SyUab
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58 37. Bajee nyoe ka teuplbh ceuneu
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60 tirut 'pointed, smaller and smal
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62 with the first syllable omitted
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adverbs. 64 beurangkari 'any, any o
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2.2 Verbs sioeue 'one thing' siKrek
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2.2.1.1.1 Noun Sterna 68 Many verbs
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70 muminveuk 'to make cooking oil'
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72 'to use musical instrument,' meu
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74 meukanto 'to build or occupy a p
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76 meu?eunokot 'to sell fish from p
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78 67. Di Ion lon-mumakmeuoang di g
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80 mubrok 'to be in bad terms (with
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82 this is rather strange because t
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84 meuteubiet-teubiet 'everyone is
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86 b). Some verbs are formed from k
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with.' 88 peugaki 'to push with one
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90 89. Jeh-pat ceurape. Ka-peulet b
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92 [iv]. With numerals and guantifi
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94 97. Ka meutet surat saboh. PERF
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96 Table 3: "tu-words' 1. soe 'who,
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98 activity.' It is also used with
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100 got 'to pull (tr.);' aeumeuaot
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102 2.2.1.5.5 Initial Svllabla Omis
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2.2.1.7 cau- and -sur.- 104 As used
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106 It should be noted that words d
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108 113. Jih leubeh carong nibak ge
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110 a). With some verbs meu - means
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2.3.1.2 aau- -aun- 112 These two af
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hunchbacked' 114 tahe 'amazed;' teu
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116 [ii]. Past Time Adverbs. To for
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118 into hi- discussed in [i.a] abo
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120 (3.3.3.4.2). The clause followi
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122 Unlike adjectives, adverbs of m
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124 beurangka'oh 'in any manner' me
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2.5 F"""p*-Y 126 geureub'um* reubah
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3.1 Word Qrdar CHAPTER 3 SENTENCES
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130 Compare also the intonation of
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132 seems to be the basic order for
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3.2 Intonation 134 Intonation varie
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136 11. Aneuk-miet nyang saket brat
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138 c). A PP: a predicate or a PP i
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29. Nyari^fliantong*. That still 14
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142 3.2.3 intonation in "Predicate-
Page 166 and 167: 144 Every time fronting occurs with
Page 168 and 169: 146 3.2.6 Intonation in Questions w
Page 170 and 171: 148 Acehnese: Jih ji-jak u keude. [
Page 172 and 173: 150 because the sentence should beg
Page 174 and 175: 152 sentence where two such NP's ha
Page 176 and 177: 154 active sentences by subject NP'
Page 178 and 179: 156 definitions of subjects. Due to
Page 180 and 181: 158 In all sentences below, the ini
Page 182 and 183: 160 As a subject, ureueng nyan can
Page 184 and 185: 162 87. Keubiri nyoe asee nya*n ji-
Page 186 and 187: 164 97. Lon ji-poh le jih. I 3y-bea
Page 188 and 189: Aspect 166 »I Modal }MD (PP)(PP) P
Page 190 and 191: 168 teungoh 'middle' (Progressive)
Page 192 and 193: 170 116. Lon meuseuti Ion-woe jinoe
Page 194 and 195: 172 able, have the ability.' The ve
Page 196 and 197: 174 3.3.3.4 The Positions of Adverb
Page 198 and 199: 176 Adverbs of result are expressed
Page 200 and 201: 149. 178 Di gopnyan sabe awai trok-
Page 202 and 203: follows. 180 keudeh and hare/sare '
Page 204 and 205: 182 meanings, keudeh implies 'indee
Page 206 and 207: 184 164. Bah beu hinan-jih keudeh.
Page 208 and 209: I 186 However, one can express an o
Page 210 and 211: 188 [ii]. treuk. treuk is used imme
Page 212 and 213: 190 186. Krueng nyoe sit sabe peuno
Page 214 and 215: 192 followed by a statement saying
Page 218 and 219: 196 205. Ka lagoe ji-woe. PERF SUR
Page 220 and 221: 198 211. [[duwa droejj-jureueng [sa
Page 222 and 223: 200 217. ureueng kemeukoh kamoe per
Page 224 and 225: 202 224. Ka-cok ija nyang gleh sikr
Page 226 and 227: 204 231. Baroe lon-bloe lhee boh pa
Page 228 and 229: 206 of the subject NP, and often wi
Page 230 and 231: 208 240. Teungku-teungku nyang meuh
Page 232 and 233: 210 245. Nyoe long-pakat nyang gala
Page 234 and 235: 212 i 254. Luweue-geuh panyang-pany
Page 236 and 237: 214 intonation. This is the intonat
Page 238 and 239: 216 present, it is possible in Aceh
Page 240 and 241: 218 2 69. Di macut geu-neuk woe u g
Page 242 and 243: 220 [iv]. Another syntactic functio
Page 244 and 245: 222 [vii]. di is also used in sente
Page 246 and 247: 224 290. Nyoe kurusi nyoe karap sab
Page 248 and 249: 226 is often omitted in context, or
Page 250 and 251: 228 intonation, the order subject-p
Page 252 and 253: 230 b) *Di kamoe hana turi gopnyan.
Page 254 and 255: 10. a) Ma 232 na-geuh di rumoh. Mot
Page 256 and 257: 234 animal subjects. (From now on,
Page 258 and 259: 236 27. a) Ureueng nyan teukhem-geu
Page 260 and 261: 4.1 Subject Conditions 238 In my pr
Page 262 and 263: 240 41. Rumoh gopnyan ji-hadap u la
Page 264 and 265: 242 .* *• b) *Ube nyang ka neu-pe
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244 therefore, necessary to redefin
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246 65. Trep-trep meugeuratan-jih s
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70. 'Etnha neu-jak? Where 2r-go 248
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Translation: 250 (7) Tiep uroe ^3 j
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252 or other modifiers. Actually it
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Translation: 254 $. Karap h'an ji-t
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256 Subject omission is also obliga
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258 meaning (p)), such as mubeuno '
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260 83. Beuklam lon-lumpoe saket ma
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). Other adjectives: Hu'ih 'cruel'
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264 These non-volitional verbs and
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266 97. Jih hana pajoh bu ka lhee u
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268 adjective must always be preced
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270 [ii]. Enclitics are also regula
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272 The enclitic from the verb J_aJ
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274 person pronouns, lon/lontuwan '
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276 126. Teungku=apa=jep kupi? Titl
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278 Agent cliticization is very com
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280 b) Jalan teungoh geu-sek(*-geuh
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282 143. Padit are neu-bloe breueh?
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284 Questions with question words a
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286 156. Ta-peudbng keunoe Vespa-te
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288 161. * fSI Mae ngon Teungku di
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4.9.4 In Relative Clauses 290 In re
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292 176. Long-sangka beungeh-neuh.
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294 meuhajat 'to intend' peulheueh
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296 b) Gopnyan galak-geuh geu-jak u
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298 a focus construction, which cau
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300 When the complement of bri or p
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302 201. Peugah-peugah mantong pane
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304 4.9.8 In Introductory Clauses B
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306 referencing, and agreement vari
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308 (See 2.2.1.8.) Thus, the clause
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310 6. Radio lon teungoh geu-cuba p
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312 11. Di lon ban jaga-lon nibak t
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15. Abang 314 ka qeu-Jak-(*qeu-)blo
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316 sentences without verb serializ
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318 b) Lon geu-yue=jak u keude le a
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320 Compare the meanings of the two
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322 These verbs are not entirely ho
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324 45. Rumoh nyoe lbn-neuk-vue=kar
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5.2 NP Complements 326 Clauses can
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328 56. Lon-lumpoe (??nyang) keude
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330 62. Some formal characteristics
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332 66. Lon-kalbn sik^fh geu-mat ba
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334 71. Macut geu-dawa aneuk pya?h,
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336 77. a) Si Tij ji-lumpoe (*jihj)
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338 iak 'I am not going.' However,
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340 [iv]. If the complement has an
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342 lakee 'to ask, to demand' deunq
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344 98. Jih hana ji-takot (*nyang)
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346 104. Pane ta-tujan (pajan) ji-p
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348 believe, know, say, think, prov
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350 keumeung (also neuk 'to want')
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352 b) Guru geu-anggap-teuh salah.
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354 115.*Geutanyoe geu-anggap le gu
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356 preceding section, but here the
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358 Similar to NP complements, obli
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360 Among the verbs from the list t
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362 mubit 'to persist, to strive' m
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5.3 vp complements 364 We can disti
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366 155. Pakon galak-neuh beungeh-n
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368 are verbs that do not allow the
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370 the verb of the complement in t
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372 at5 'to schedule, to direct' pe
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374 184. Droeneuh h'an ji-bri »jep
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kalon 'to see' noieng 'to see' deun
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CHAPTER 6 RELATIVE CLAUSES AND FOCU
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380 head NP ureueng and nvan modifi
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382 b) Na lon-kalon kameng nyang pa
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384 13. Ureueng (nyang) meukat gule
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386 22. Pue neu-jak peugah nyan bak
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388 27. Di gampong gopnyan le ureue
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390 35. a) Ureueng (nyang) meudike
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392 37. d) Ureueng kamoe * (nyang)
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394 b) ??Aneuk-geuh ubit saket. Chi
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396 b) Ureueng * (nyang) tutbng rum
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398 b) Ri *(nyang) lbn-cok brbk. An
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400 kri and ban can be combined to
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402 65. Hana lon-tupeue (nyang) geu
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404 mupat 'known (where/place)' meu
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406 76. Nyang golom tho payah adee
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Translation: 408 na / nvang rava. t
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410 88. Nyang sa geu-peuduwa, nyang
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412 .. 4* 94. Ureueng nyang (*geu-)
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414 It is interesting that some ver
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416 b) Pisang nyang jih-pula ka ji-
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418 s 112. a) Ayah geu-bri peng keu
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420 116. a) Mie nyan galak-geuh le
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422 after the verb. Thus, before ag
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424 127. a) Bajee nyoe hana galak-g
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426 128. c) Aneuk nyang hana geu-br
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428 131. a)*Bajee nyang ji-cop di t
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430 Acehnese (6.2). The topicalized
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432 b) Na teuingat-neuh uroe (watee
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434 usually optional, but the prepo
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436 'The hills which were on my lef
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438 locational prepositions, except
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440 155. a) Pinto nyoe ji-kurek ngo
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442 c) Ho ka meja nyang droeneuh du
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444 stacked relative clauses in the
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446 that the last modifier be expre
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448 1 _ .. 172. Ureueng dong bak ja
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450 175. Nyan bek neu-tanyong bak l
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452 Acehnese does not have a non-re
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454 b) Utoh Tal>e"* nyang peugbt pi
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[ii]. Proper noun: 456 191. Teungku
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458 sentence. This method is termed
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460 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, John M.
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4 62 Dillon, George L. Introduction
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464 Milner, George B. "On the Centr
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