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346 104. Pane ta-tujan (pajan) ji-piybh ujeuen nyoe. NEG l^-.-know-time when 3-stop rain this 'How can we know when this rain will stop?' When the subject of the complement is different from the subject of the main clause, as in (101) through (104), agreement in the complement is the same as that in independent sentences. But when the subject of the complement is coreferential with the subject of the main clause, the verb of the complement can be used either with or without a proclitic, if it is a Class 1 verb. There is a different in meaning between these two forms. The one with a proclitic generally has a past time implication relative to the higher verb, whereas the one without a proclitic has a future time implication. This is broadly parallel to the difference between English finite and non-finite complement types. 105. Hana lon-tupat lon-peuduek keupiyah-lon. NEG 1-know-where 1-put cap-1 ' I do not know where I have put my cap.' 106. Hana lon-tupat peuduek keupiyah-lon. NEG 1-know-where put cap-1 T do not know where to put my cap.'
347 107. Hana lbn-tukriban le lon-peugot raga nyoe. NEG 1-know-how anymore 1-make basket this ' I do not know anymore (I do nont remember) how I made this basket.' 108. Hana lon-tukriban le peug'ot raga nyoe. NEG 1-know-how anymore make basket this 'I do not know anymore how to make this basket.' (or: 'I do not know anymore what to do with this basket.') The only "tu-verbs" that cannot have a complement with a subject coreferential with the subject of the main clause are tunvum 'to taste, to sense, to know the taste' and tubee 'to smell.' A complete list of "tu-verbs" is given in 2.2.1.4. 5.2.1.4 On Raising to Object This section is not intended to give a comprehensive analysis on raising to object phenomenon in Acehnese. The only purpose is show that there is something similar to such a phenomenon in Acehnese. Therefore, the discussion will center around the data that exhibit this phenomenon. Raising to object is a rule in generative grammar (a theory developed based on English) that raises the subject NP of the complement of certain groups of verbs and makes it a derived object of the main clause. Such verbs include
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->*- - l£iOEt4
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A contextual grammar of Acehnese se
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INFORMATION TO USERS While the most
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A CONTEXTUAL GRAMMAR OF ACEHNESE SE
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For my wife and my children ii
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found a way to help me. With Prof.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACK
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3.3.1 Subject 149 3.3.2 Predicate 1
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Table LIST OF TABLES 1. Pronouns 40
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Meulaboh) and in South Aceh (Capita
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North Aceh dialect. The Greater Ace
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[u] . In the following words, [u] i
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8 will be able to tell that the oth
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10 nothing much to add to what Duri
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12 Other important points in the th
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1.4.1 Phonetic Inventory 14 Acehnes
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16 In addition to single consonants
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18 Besides single vowels, there are
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20 which is [rapa?i] 'traditional A
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a). [w] is written as an. 22 beukah
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'i 'e [iii]. Diphthongs 24 Nasal Vo
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26 1.4.3 Writing Borrowed Words Man
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(ii) PP's: 28 di rumoh* 'in house (
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30 except those marked as unaccepta
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32 ethnography, the dialects, previ
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CHAPTER 2 DERIVATION OF FOUR CLASSE
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2.1 Nouns 36 Nouns are such words a
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38 pronouns are usually made into p
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Person Pronouns 40 Table 1: Pronoun
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42 4. t'oh 'which, any,' beurangkat
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44 3. Aneuk nyan saket-jifl. Child
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46 not any grammatical process comp
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48 '"Teungku" from Bayu.' The follo
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50 kai 'a fourth of an are' gantano
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52 23. Peuet bak bak u payah koh. F
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54 30. Limong go on bubong treuk ka
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56 2.1.5.1.2 Inflation jn Qne-SyUab
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58 37. Bajee nyoe ka teuplbh ceuneu
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60 tirut 'pointed, smaller and smal
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62 with the first syllable omitted
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adverbs. 64 beurangkari 'any, any o
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2.2 Verbs sioeue 'one thing' siKrek
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2.2.1.1.1 Noun Sterna 68 Many verbs
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70 muminveuk 'to make cooking oil'
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72 'to use musical instrument,' meu
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74 meukanto 'to build or occupy a p
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76 meu?eunokot 'to sell fish from p
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78 67. Di Ion lon-mumakmeuoang di g
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80 mubrok 'to be in bad terms (with
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82 this is rather strange because t
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84 meuteubiet-teubiet 'everyone is
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86 b). Some verbs are formed from k
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with.' 88 peugaki 'to push with one
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90 89. Jeh-pat ceurape. Ka-peulet b
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92 [iv]. With numerals and guantifi
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94 97. Ka meutet surat saboh. PERF
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96 Table 3: "tu-words' 1. soe 'who,
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98 activity.' It is also used with
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100 got 'to pull (tr.);' aeumeuaot
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102 2.2.1.5.5 Initial Svllabla Omis
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2.2.1.7 cau- and -sur.- 104 As used
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106 It should be noted that words d
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108 113. Jih leubeh carong nibak ge
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110 a). With some verbs meu - means
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2.3.1.2 aau- -aun- 112 These two af
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hunchbacked' 114 tahe 'amazed;' teu
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116 [ii]. Past Time Adverbs. To for
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118 into hi- discussed in [i.a] abo
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120 (3.3.3.4.2). The clause followi
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122 Unlike adjectives, adverbs of m
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124 beurangka'oh 'in any manner' me
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2.5 F"""p*-Y 126 geureub'um* reubah
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3.1 Word Qrdar CHAPTER 3 SENTENCES
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130 Compare also the intonation of
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132 seems to be the basic order for
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3.2 Intonation 134 Intonation varie
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136 11. Aneuk-miet nyang saket brat
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138 c). A PP: a predicate or a PP i
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29. Nyari^fliantong*. That still 14
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142 3.2.3 intonation in "Predicate-
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144 Every time fronting occurs with
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146 3.2.6 Intonation in Questions w
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148 Acehnese: Jih ji-jak u keude. [
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150 because the sentence should beg
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152 sentence where two such NP's ha
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154 active sentences by subject NP'
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156 definitions of subjects. Due to
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158 In all sentences below, the ini
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160 As a subject, ureueng nyan can
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162 87. Keubiri nyoe asee nya*n ji-
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164 97. Lon ji-poh le jih. I 3y-bea
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Aspect 166 »I Modal }MD (PP)(PP) P
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168 teungoh 'middle' (Progressive)
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170 116. Lon meuseuti Ion-woe jinoe
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172 able, have the ability.' The ve
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174 3.3.3.4 The Positions of Adverb
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176 Adverbs of result are expressed
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149. 178 Di gopnyan sabe awai trok-
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follows. 180 keudeh and hare/sare '
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182 meanings, keudeh implies 'indee
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184 164. Bah beu hinan-jih keudeh.
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I 186 However, one can express an o
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188 [ii]. treuk. treuk is used imme
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190 186. Krueng nyoe sit sabe peuno
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192 followed by a statement saying
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200. Ji-pajoh lagoe. 3-eat SUR 194
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196 205. Ka lagoe ji-woe. PERF SUR
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198 211. [[duwa droejj-jureueng [sa
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200 217. ureueng kemeukoh kamoe per
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202 224. Ka-cok ija nyang gleh sikr
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204 231. Baroe lon-bloe lhee boh pa
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206 of the subject NP, and often wi
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208 240. Teungku-teungku nyang meuh
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210 245. Nyoe long-pakat nyang gala
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212 i 254. Luweue-geuh panyang-pany
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214 intonation. This is the intonat
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216 present, it is possible in Aceh
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218 2 69. Di macut geu-neuk woe u g
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220 [iv]. Another syntactic functio
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222 [vii]. di is also used in sente
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224 290. Nyoe kurusi nyoe karap sab
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226 is often omitted in context, or
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228 intonation, the order subject-p
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230 b) *Di kamoe hana turi gopnyan.
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10. a) Ma 232 na-geuh di rumoh. Mot
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234 animal subjects. (From now on,
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236 27. a) Ureueng nyan teukhem-geu
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4.1 Subject Conditions 238 In my pr
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240 41. Rumoh gopnyan ji-hadap u la
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242 .* *• b) *Ube nyang ka neu-pe
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244 therefore, necessary to redefin
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246 65. Trep-trep meugeuratan-jih s
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70. 'Etnha neu-jak? Where 2r-go 248
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Translation: 250 (7) Tiep uroe ^3 j
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252 or other modifiers. Actually it
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Translation: 254 $. Karap h'an ji-t
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256 Subject omission is also obliga
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258 meaning (p)), such as mubeuno '
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260 83. Beuklam lon-lumpoe saket ma
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). Other adjectives: Hu'ih 'cruel'
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264 These non-volitional verbs and
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266 97. Jih hana pajoh bu ka lhee u
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268 adjective must always be preced
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270 [ii]. Enclitics are also regula
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272 The enclitic from the verb J_aJ
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274 person pronouns, lon/lontuwan '
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276 126. Teungku=apa=jep kupi? Titl
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278 Agent cliticization is very com
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280 b) Jalan teungoh geu-sek(*-geuh
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282 143. Padit are neu-bloe breueh?
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284 Questions with question words a
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286 156. Ta-peudbng keunoe Vespa-te
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288 161. * fSI Mae ngon Teungku di
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4.9.4 In Relative Clauses 290 In re
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292 176. Long-sangka beungeh-neuh.
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294 meuhajat 'to intend' peulheueh
Page 318 and 319: 296 b) Gopnyan galak-geuh geu-jak u
Page 320 and 321: 298 a focus construction, which cau
Page 322 and 323: 300 When the complement of bri or p
Page 324 and 325: 302 201. Peugah-peugah mantong pane
Page 326 and 327: 304 4.9.8 In Introductory Clauses B
Page 328 and 329: 306 referencing, and agreement vari
Page 330 and 331: 308 (See 2.2.1.8.) Thus, the clause
Page 332 and 333: 310 6. Radio lon teungoh geu-cuba p
Page 334 and 335: 312 11. Di lon ban jaga-lon nibak t
Page 336 and 337: 15. Abang 314 ka qeu-Jak-(*qeu-)blo
Page 338 and 339: 316 sentences without verb serializ
Page 340 and 341: 318 b) Lon geu-yue=jak u keude le a
Page 342 and 343: 320 Compare the meanings of the two
Page 344 and 345: 322 These verbs are not entirely ho
Page 346 and 347: 324 45. Rumoh nyoe lbn-neuk-vue=kar
Page 348 and 349: 5.2 NP Complements 326 Clauses can
Page 350 and 351: 328 56. Lon-lumpoe (??nyang) keude
Page 352 and 353: 330 62. Some formal characteristics
Page 354 and 355: 332 66. Lon-kalbn sik^fh geu-mat ba
Page 356 and 357: 334 71. Macut geu-dawa aneuk pya?h,
Page 358 and 359: 336 77. a) Si Tij ji-lumpoe (*jihj)
Page 360 and 361: 338 iak 'I am not going.' However,
Page 362 and 363: 340 [iv]. If the complement has an
Page 364 and 365: 342 lakee 'to ask, to demand' deunq
Page 366 and 367: 344 98. Jih hana ji-takot (*nyang)
Page 370 and 371: 348 believe, know, say, think, prov
Page 372 and 373: 350 keumeung (also neuk 'to want')
Page 374 and 375: 352 b) Guru geu-anggap-teuh salah.
Page 376 and 377: 354 115.*Geutanyoe geu-anggap le gu
Page 378 and 379: 356 preceding section, but here the
Page 380 and 381: 358 Similar to NP complements, obli
Page 382 and 383: 360 Among the verbs from the list t
Page 384 and 385: 362 mubit 'to persist, to strive' m
Page 386 and 387: 5.3 vp complements 364 We can disti
Page 388 and 389: 366 155. Pakon galak-neuh beungeh-n
Page 390 and 391: 368 are verbs that do not allow the
Page 392 and 393: 370 the verb of the complement in t
Page 394 and 395: 372 at5 'to schedule, to direct' pe
Page 396 and 397: 374 184. Droeneuh h'an ji-bri »jep
Page 398 and 399: kalon 'to see' noieng 'to see' deun
Page 400 and 401: CHAPTER 6 RELATIVE CLAUSES AND FOCU
Page 402 and 403: 380 head NP ureueng and nvan modifi
Page 404 and 405: 382 b) Na lon-kalon kameng nyang pa
Page 406 and 407: 384 13. Ureueng (nyang) meukat gule
Page 408 and 409: 386 22. Pue neu-jak peugah nyan bak
Page 410 and 411: 388 27. Di gampong gopnyan le ureue
Page 412 and 413: 390 35. a) Ureueng (nyang) meudike
Page 414 and 415: 392 37. d) Ureueng kamoe * (nyang)
Page 416 and 417: 394 b) ??Aneuk-geuh ubit saket. Chi
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396 b) Ureueng * (nyang) tutbng rum
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398 b) Ri *(nyang) lbn-cok brbk. An
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400 kri and ban can be combined to
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402 65. Hana lon-tupeue (nyang) geu
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404 mupat 'known (where/place)' meu
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406 76. Nyang golom tho payah adee
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Translation: 408 na / nvang rava. t
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410 88. Nyang sa geu-peuduwa, nyang
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412 .. 4* 94. Ureueng nyang (*geu-)
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414 It is interesting that some ver
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416 b) Pisang nyang jih-pula ka ji-
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418 s 112. a) Ayah geu-bri peng keu
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420 116. a) Mie nyan galak-geuh le
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422 after the verb. Thus, before ag
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424 127. a) Bajee nyoe hana galak-g
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426 128. c) Aneuk nyang hana geu-br
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428 131. a)*Bajee nyang ji-cop di t
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430 Acehnese (6.2). The topicalized
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432 b) Na teuingat-neuh uroe (watee
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434 usually optional, but the prepo
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436 'The hills which were on my lef
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438 locational prepositions, except
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440 155. a) Pinto nyoe ji-kurek ngo
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442 c) Ho ka meja nyang droeneuh du
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444 stacked relative clauses in the
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446 that the last modifier be expre
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448 1 _ .. 172. Ureueng dong bak ja
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450 175. Nyan bek neu-tanyong bak l
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452 Acehnese does not have a non-re
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454 b) Utoh Tal>e"* nyang peugbt pi
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[ii]. Proper noun: 456 191. Teungku
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458 sentence. This method is termed
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460 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, John M.
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4 62 Dillon, George L. Introduction
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464 Milner, George B. "On the Centr
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