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430 Acehnese (6.2). The topicalized NP's are actually the head NP's, which already have an optional relative marker nyang. although very often it is not used. Therefore, a topicalized NP cannot be relativized. In the following sentences, nvanq is purposely omitted. The symbol ( A ) is used to indicate stress. 134. a) Kacang* ji-pula aneuk nyan. Peanut 3y-plant child that 'It is peanuts that the child planted.' b)*Kacang nyang ji-pula aneuk nyan ka timoh. Peanut which 3y-plant child that IN grow 135. a) Asee A jl-kalon kameng nyan. Dog 3-see goat that 'It is a dog that the goat is looking at.' b)*Asee nyang ji-kalbn kameng nyan itam. Dog which 3-see goat that black Some other sentences with topicalized NP's are not focus sentences, yet the topicalized NP's cannot be relativized either. The topicalized NP's are stressed NP's. 136. a) Bajee nyoe* neu-sok di droeneuh. Shirt this 2r-wear SFC your 'Please wear this shirt.' *. _ ' b)*Bajee nyoe nyang neu-sok di droeneuh gleh. Shirt this which 2r-wear SFC you- clean
431 Object NP's are also topicalized within the predicate in Acehnese. Similar to the previous topicalized NP's, they are stressed and cannot be relativized. 137. a) Aneuk nyan kacang* ji-pula. Child that peanut 3r-plant 'It is peanuts that the child planted^' b.*Kacang nyang aneuk nyan ji-pula ka timoh. Peanut which child that 3y-plant IN grow 6.1.6 Relativization of Peripheral NP's Peripheral NP's are adverbial NP's and NP's within PP's that functions as adverbs. Some adverbs are represented by a noun or NP, for example, uroe 'day,' malam 'night,' buleuen 'month,' etc. When these nouns are relativized, nvanq is rarely used. Instead of nyang, a word for time is used, especially the word watee 'time, moment' or bak watee 'at the time' and yoh 'time, when.' The subject is either omitted (in context) or cliticized to the verb. The use of watee or bak watee is optional, and usually not used. When an adverbial NP is reJativized, the subject is usually cliticized to the verb or omitted in context. 138. a) Gopnyan geu-jak uroe Rabu. Her ' 3r-go day Wednesday ' He left on Wednesday.'
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->*- - l£iOEt4
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A contextual grammar of Acehnese se
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INFORMATION TO USERS While the most
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A CONTEXTUAL GRAMMAR OF ACEHNESE SE
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For my wife and my children ii
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found a way to help me. With Prof.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACK
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3.3.1 Subject 149 3.3.2 Predicate 1
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Table LIST OF TABLES 1. Pronouns 40
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Meulaboh) and in South Aceh (Capita
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North Aceh dialect. The Greater Ace
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[u] . In the following words, [u] i
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8 will be able to tell that the oth
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10 nothing much to add to what Duri
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12 Other important points in the th
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1.4.1 Phonetic Inventory 14 Acehnes
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16 In addition to single consonants
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18 Besides single vowels, there are
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20 which is [rapa?i] 'traditional A
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a). [w] is written as an. 22 beukah
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'i 'e [iii]. Diphthongs 24 Nasal Vo
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26 1.4.3 Writing Borrowed Words Man
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(ii) PP's: 28 di rumoh* 'in house (
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30 except those marked as unaccepta
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32 ethnography, the dialects, previ
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CHAPTER 2 DERIVATION OF FOUR CLASSE
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2.1 Nouns 36 Nouns are such words a
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38 pronouns are usually made into p
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Person Pronouns 40 Table 1: Pronoun
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42 4. t'oh 'which, any,' beurangkat
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44 3. Aneuk nyan saket-jifl. Child
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46 not any grammatical process comp
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48 '"Teungku" from Bayu.' The follo
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50 kai 'a fourth of an are' gantano
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52 23. Peuet bak bak u payah koh. F
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54 30. Limong go on bubong treuk ka
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56 2.1.5.1.2 Inflation jn Qne-SyUab
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58 37. Bajee nyoe ka teuplbh ceuneu
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60 tirut 'pointed, smaller and smal
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62 with the first syllable omitted
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adverbs. 64 beurangkari 'any, any o
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2.2 Verbs sioeue 'one thing' siKrek
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2.2.1.1.1 Noun Sterna 68 Many verbs
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70 muminveuk 'to make cooking oil'
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72 'to use musical instrument,' meu
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74 meukanto 'to build or occupy a p
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76 meu?eunokot 'to sell fish from p
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78 67. Di Ion lon-mumakmeuoang di g
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80 mubrok 'to be in bad terms (with
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82 this is rather strange because t
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84 meuteubiet-teubiet 'everyone is
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86 b). Some verbs are formed from k
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with.' 88 peugaki 'to push with one
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90 89. Jeh-pat ceurape. Ka-peulet b
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92 [iv]. With numerals and guantifi
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94 97. Ka meutet surat saboh. PERF
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96 Table 3: "tu-words' 1. soe 'who,
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98 activity.' It is also used with
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100 got 'to pull (tr.);' aeumeuaot
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102 2.2.1.5.5 Initial Svllabla Omis
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2.2.1.7 cau- and -sur.- 104 As used
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106 It should be noted that words d
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108 113. Jih leubeh carong nibak ge
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110 a). With some verbs meu - means
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2.3.1.2 aau- -aun- 112 These two af
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hunchbacked' 114 tahe 'amazed;' teu
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116 [ii]. Past Time Adverbs. To for
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118 into hi- discussed in [i.a] abo
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120 (3.3.3.4.2). The clause followi
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122 Unlike adjectives, adverbs of m
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124 beurangka'oh 'in any manner' me
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2.5 F"""p*-Y 126 geureub'um* reubah
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3.1 Word Qrdar CHAPTER 3 SENTENCES
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130 Compare also the intonation of
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132 seems to be the basic order for
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3.2 Intonation 134 Intonation varie
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136 11. Aneuk-miet nyang saket brat
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138 c). A PP: a predicate or a PP i
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29. Nyari^fliantong*. That still 14
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142 3.2.3 intonation in "Predicate-
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144 Every time fronting occurs with
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146 3.2.6 Intonation in Questions w
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148 Acehnese: Jih ji-jak u keude. [
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150 because the sentence should beg
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152 sentence where two such NP's ha
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154 active sentences by subject NP'
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156 definitions of subjects. Due to
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158 In all sentences below, the ini
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160 As a subject, ureueng nyan can
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162 87. Keubiri nyoe asee nya*n ji-
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164 97. Lon ji-poh le jih. I 3y-bea
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Aspect 166 »I Modal }MD (PP)(PP) P
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168 teungoh 'middle' (Progressive)
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170 116. Lon meuseuti Ion-woe jinoe
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172 able, have the ability.' The ve
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174 3.3.3.4 The Positions of Adverb
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176 Adverbs of result are expressed
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149. 178 Di gopnyan sabe awai trok-
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follows. 180 keudeh and hare/sare '
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182 meanings, keudeh implies 'indee
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184 164. Bah beu hinan-jih keudeh.
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I 186 However, one can express an o
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188 [ii]. treuk. treuk is used imme
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190 186. Krueng nyoe sit sabe peuno
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192 followed by a statement saying
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200. Ji-pajoh lagoe. 3-eat SUR 194
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196 205. Ka lagoe ji-woe. PERF SUR
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198 211. [[duwa droejj-jureueng [sa
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200 217. ureueng kemeukoh kamoe per
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202 224. Ka-cok ija nyang gleh sikr
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204 231. Baroe lon-bloe lhee boh pa
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206 of the subject NP, and often wi
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208 240. Teungku-teungku nyang meuh
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210 245. Nyoe long-pakat nyang gala
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212 i 254. Luweue-geuh panyang-pany
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214 intonation. This is the intonat
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216 present, it is possible in Aceh
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218 2 69. Di macut geu-neuk woe u g
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220 [iv]. Another syntactic functio
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222 [vii]. di is also used in sente
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224 290. Nyoe kurusi nyoe karap sab
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226 is often omitted in context, or
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228 intonation, the order subject-p
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230 b) *Di kamoe hana turi gopnyan.
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10. a) Ma 232 na-geuh di rumoh. Mot
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234 animal subjects. (From now on,
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236 27. a) Ureueng nyan teukhem-geu
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4.1 Subject Conditions 238 In my pr
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240 41. Rumoh gopnyan ji-hadap u la
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242 .* *• b) *Ube nyang ka neu-pe
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244 therefore, necessary to redefin
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246 65. Trep-trep meugeuratan-jih s
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70. 'Etnha neu-jak? Where 2r-go 248
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Translation: 250 (7) Tiep uroe ^3 j
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252 or other modifiers. Actually it
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Translation: 254 $. Karap h'an ji-t
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256 Subject omission is also obliga
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258 meaning (p)), such as mubeuno '
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260 83. Beuklam lon-lumpoe saket ma
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). Other adjectives: Hu'ih 'cruel'
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264 These non-volitional verbs and
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266 97. Jih hana pajoh bu ka lhee u
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268 adjective must always be preced
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270 [ii]. Enclitics are also regula
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272 The enclitic from the verb J_aJ
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274 person pronouns, lon/lontuwan '
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276 126. Teungku=apa=jep kupi? Titl
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278 Agent cliticization is very com
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280 b) Jalan teungoh geu-sek(*-geuh
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282 143. Padit are neu-bloe breueh?
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284 Questions with question words a
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286 156. Ta-peudbng keunoe Vespa-te
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288 161. * fSI Mae ngon Teungku di
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4.9.4 In Relative Clauses 290 In re
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292 176. Long-sangka beungeh-neuh.
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294 meuhajat 'to intend' peulheueh
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296 b) Gopnyan galak-geuh geu-jak u
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298 a focus construction, which cau
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300 When the complement of bri or p
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302 201. Peugah-peugah mantong pane
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304 4.9.8 In Introductory Clauses B
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306 referencing, and agreement vari
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308 (See 2.2.1.8.) Thus, the clause
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310 6. Radio lon teungoh geu-cuba p
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312 11. Di lon ban jaga-lon nibak t
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15. Abang 314 ka qeu-Jak-(*qeu-)blo
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316 sentences without verb serializ
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318 b) Lon geu-yue=jak u keude le a
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320 Compare the meanings of the two
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322 These verbs are not entirely ho
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324 45. Rumoh nyoe lbn-neuk-vue=kar
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5.2 NP Complements 326 Clauses can
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328 56. Lon-lumpoe (??nyang) keude
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330 62. Some formal characteristics
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332 66. Lon-kalbn sik^fh geu-mat ba
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334 71. Macut geu-dawa aneuk pya?h,
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336 77. a) Si Tij ji-lumpoe (*jihj)
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338 iak 'I am not going.' However,
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340 [iv]. If the complement has an
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342 lakee 'to ask, to demand' deunq
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344 98. Jih hana ji-takot (*nyang)
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346 104. Pane ta-tujan (pajan) ji-p
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348 believe, know, say, think, prov
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350 keumeung (also neuk 'to want')
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352 b) Guru geu-anggap-teuh salah.
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354 115.*Geutanyoe geu-anggap le gu
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356 preceding section, but here the
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358 Similar to NP complements, obli
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360 Among the verbs from the list t
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362 mubit 'to persist, to strive' m
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5.3 vp complements 364 We can disti
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366 155. Pakon galak-neuh beungeh-n
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368 are verbs that do not allow the
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370 the verb of the complement in t
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372 at5 'to schedule, to direct' pe
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374 184. Droeneuh h'an ji-bri »jep
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kalon 'to see' noieng 'to see' deun
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CHAPTER 6 RELATIVE CLAUSES AND FOCU
Page 402 and 403: 380 head NP ureueng and nvan modifi
Page 404 and 405: 382 b) Na lon-kalon kameng nyang pa
Page 406 and 407: 384 13. Ureueng (nyang) meukat gule
Page 408 and 409: 386 22. Pue neu-jak peugah nyan bak
Page 410 and 411: 388 27. Di gampong gopnyan le ureue
Page 412 and 413: 390 35. a) Ureueng (nyang) meudike
Page 414 and 415: 392 37. d) Ureueng kamoe * (nyang)
Page 416 and 417: 394 b) ??Aneuk-geuh ubit saket. Chi
Page 418 and 419: 396 b) Ureueng * (nyang) tutbng rum
Page 420 and 421: 398 b) Ri *(nyang) lbn-cok brbk. An
Page 422 and 423: 400 kri and ban can be combined to
Page 424 and 425: 402 65. Hana lon-tupeue (nyang) geu
Page 426 and 427: 404 mupat 'known (where/place)' meu
Page 428 and 429: 406 76. Nyang golom tho payah adee
Page 430 and 431: Translation: 408 na / nvang rava. t
Page 432 and 433: 410 88. Nyang sa geu-peuduwa, nyang
Page 434 and 435: 412 .. 4* 94. Ureueng nyang (*geu-)
Page 436 and 437: 414 It is interesting that some ver
Page 438 and 439: 416 b) Pisang nyang jih-pula ka ji-
Page 440 and 441: 418 s 112. a) Ayah geu-bri peng keu
Page 442 and 443: 420 116. a) Mie nyan galak-geuh le
Page 444 and 445: 422 after the verb. Thus, before ag
Page 446 and 447: 424 127. a) Bajee nyoe hana galak-g
Page 448 and 449: 426 128. c) Aneuk nyang hana geu-br
Page 450 and 451: 428 131. a)*Bajee nyang ji-cop di t
Page 454 and 455: 432 b) Na teuingat-neuh uroe (watee
Page 456 and 457: 434 usually optional, but the prepo
Page 458 and 459: 436 'The hills which were on my lef
Page 460 and 461: 438 locational prepositions, except
Page 462 and 463: 440 155. a) Pinto nyoe ji-kurek ngo
Page 464 and 465: 442 c) Ho ka meja nyang droeneuh du
Page 466 and 467: 444 stacked relative clauses in the
Page 468 and 469: 446 that the last modifier be expre
Page 470 and 471: 448 1 _ .. 172. Ureueng dong bak ja
Page 472 and 473: 450 175. Nyan bek neu-tanyong bak l
Page 474 and 475: 452 Acehnese does not have a non-re
Page 476 and 477: 454 b) Utoh Tal>e"* nyang peugbt pi
Page 478 and 479: [ii]. Proper noun: 456 191. Teungku
Page 480 and 481: 458 sentence. This method is termed
Page 482 and 483: 460 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, John M.
Page 484 and 485: 4 62 Dillon, George L. Introduction
Page 486 and 487: 464 Milner, George B. "On the Centr
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