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132 seems to be the basic order for the reason that the A in AVO does not need an "agent marker," whereas in the VO le-A word order the agent marker Is. is needed to mark the NP as an agent. There is a study which I think very relevant to the question of Acehnese word order. It is a study by Diffloth (1974) on Semai, a Mon-Khmer language of Malaya. It is relevant to compare Acehnese with a Mon-Khmer language because it has been shown that there is a close relation between Acehnese and Mon-Khmer languages. Cowan (1948) has shown similarities in syntax, morphology and pohonology between Acehnese and Mon-Khmer languages. The data in Diffloth show a very close similarity between Acehnese and Semai, both in word order and in the use of pronominal clitics on verbs. In both languages the verbs always agree with the 'deep' subject, whatever the order is. (See the OVS word order in the examples.) In Diffloth's account, SVO is considered the basic word order in Semai for transitive constructions. When the order is changed into VSO or OVS, la- is added before the S or the Agent to mark the agentivity. (See the examples.) If we compare this with Acehnese, we will see that this is also the case in Acehnese. Corresponding to the Semai la is le in Acehnese. Just as in Semai, the SVO order does not require the use of is.. But in the VSO and OVS orders, Is. is needed before the S or the Agent. As a result, we have such word •••See Blagden (1929), Collins (1969), Cowan (1948 and 1974), and Shorto (1975).
133 orders as OV i£-S (or OV i£-A) and VO is-S (or VO i£-A), in addition to the SVO word order. Compare the structures of the two languages through the data in (7) below. For easy comparison, the Acehnese data are placed under the Semai data, which are taken from Diffloth. 7. SVO: Semai : ?en ?n-ca.? tley ?ajeh I 1-eat banana that 'I ate that banana.' Acehnese: Ion lon-pajoh pisang nyan I 1-eat banana that 'I ate that banana.' VSO: Semai : ?n-ca.? la-?en tley ?ajeh 1-eat by-me banana that ' That banana was eaten by me.' Acehnese: lon-pajoh le Ion pisang nyan 1-eat by me banana that 'That banana was eaten by me.' OVS: Semai : tley ?ajeh fn-ca.? la-?en banana that 1-eat by-me 'That banana was eaten by me.' Acehnese: pisang nyan lon-pajoh le Ion banana that 1-eat by me 'That banana was eaten by me.'
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->*- - l£iOEt4
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A contextual grammar of Acehnese se
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INFORMATION TO USERS While the most
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A CONTEXTUAL GRAMMAR OF ACEHNESE SE
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For my wife and my children ii
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found a way to help me. With Prof.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACK
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3.3.1 Subject 149 3.3.2 Predicate 1
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Table LIST OF TABLES 1. Pronouns 40
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Meulaboh) and in South Aceh (Capita
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North Aceh dialect. The Greater Ace
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[u] . In the following words, [u] i
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8 will be able to tell that the oth
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10 nothing much to add to what Duri
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12 Other important points in the th
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1.4.1 Phonetic Inventory 14 Acehnes
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16 In addition to single consonants
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18 Besides single vowels, there are
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20 which is [rapa?i] 'traditional A
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a). [w] is written as an. 22 beukah
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'i 'e [iii]. Diphthongs 24 Nasal Vo
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26 1.4.3 Writing Borrowed Words Man
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(ii) PP's: 28 di rumoh* 'in house (
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30 except those marked as unaccepta
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32 ethnography, the dialects, previ
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CHAPTER 2 DERIVATION OF FOUR CLASSE
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2.1 Nouns 36 Nouns are such words a
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38 pronouns are usually made into p
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Person Pronouns 40 Table 1: Pronoun
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42 4. t'oh 'which, any,' beurangkat
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44 3. Aneuk nyan saket-jifl. Child
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46 not any grammatical process comp
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48 '"Teungku" from Bayu.' The follo
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50 kai 'a fourth of an are' gantano
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52 23. Peuet bak bak u payah koh. F
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54 30. Limong go on bubong treuk ka
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56 2.1.5.1.2 Inflation jn Qne-SyUab
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58 37. Bajee nyoe ka teuplbh ceuneu
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60 tirut 'pointed, smaller and smal
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62 with the first syllable omitted
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adverbs. 64 beurangkari 'any, any o
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2.2 Verbs sioeue 'one thing' siKrek
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2.2.1.1.1 Noun Sterna 68 Many verbs
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70 muminveuk 'to make cooking oil'
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72 'to use musical instrument,' meu
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74 meukanto 'to build or occupy a p
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76 meu?eunokot 'to sell fish from p
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78 67. Di Ion lon-mumakmeuoang di g
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80 mubrok 'to be in bad terms (with
Page 104 and 105: 82 this is rather strange because t
Page 106 and 107: 84 meuteubiet-teubiet 'everyone is
Page 108 and 109: 86 b). Some verbs are formed from k
Page 110 and 111: with.' 88 peugaki 'to push with one
Page 112 and 113: 90 89. Jeh-pat ceurape. Ka-peulet b
Page 114 and 115: 92 [iv]. With numerals and guantifi
Page 116 and 117: 94 97. Ka meutet surat saboh. PERF
Page 118 and 119: 96 Table 3: "tu-words' 1. soe 'who,
Page 120 and 121: 98 activity.' It is also used with
Page 122 and 123: 100 got 'to pull (tr.);' aeumeuaot
Page 124 and 125: 102 2.2.1.5.5 Initial Svllabla Omis
Page 126 and 127: 2.2.1.7 cau- and -sur.- 104 As used
Page 128 and 129: 106 It should be noted that words d
Page 130 and 131: 108 113. Jih leubeh carong nibak ge
Page 132 and 133: 110 a). With some verbs meu - means
Page 134 and 135: 2.3.1.2 aau- -aun- 112 These two af
Page 136 and 137: hunchbacked' 114 tahe 'amazed;' teu
Page 138 and 139: 116 [ii]. Past Time Adverbs. To for
Page 140 and 141: 118 into hi- discussed in [i.a] abo
Page 142 and 143: 120 (3.3.3.4.2). The clause followi
Page 144 and 145: 122 Unlike adjectives, adverbs of m
Page 146 and 147: 124 beurangka'oh 'in any manner' me
Page 148 and 149: 2.5 F"""p*-Y 126 geureub'um* reubah
Page 150 and 151: 3.1 Word Qrdar CHAPTER 3 SENTENCES
Page 152 and 153: 130 Compare also the intonation of
Page 156 and 157: 3.2 Intonation 134 Intonation varie
Page 158 and 159: 136 11. Aneuk-miet nyang saket brat
Page 160 and 161: 138 c). A PP: a predicate or a PP i
Page 162 and 163: 29. Nyari^fliantong*. That still 14
Page 164 and 165: 142 3.2.3 intonation in "Predicate-
Page 166 and 167: 144 Every time fronting occurs with
Page 168 and 169: 146 3.2.6 Intonation in Questions w
Page 170 and 171: 148 Acehnese: Jih ji-jak u keude. [
Page 172 and 173: 150 because the sentence should beg
Page 174 and 175: 152 sentence where two such NP's ha
Page 176 and 177: 154 active sentences by subject NP'
Page 178 and 179: 156 definitions of subjects. Due to
Page 180 and 181: 158 In all sentences below, the ini
Page 182 and 183: 160 As a subject, ureueng nyan can
Page 184 and 185: 162 87. Keubiri nyoe asee nya*n ji-
Page 186 and 187: 164 97. Lon ji-poh le jih. I 3y-bea
Page 188 and 189: Aspect 166 »I Modal }MD (PP)(PP) P
Page 190 and 191: 168 teungoh 'middle' (Progressive)
Page 192 and 193: 170 116. Lon meuseuti Ion-woe jinoe
Page 194 and 195: 172 able, have the ability.' The ve
Page 196 and 197: 174 3.3.3.4 The Positions of Adverb
Page 198 and 199: 176 Adverbs of result are expressed
Page 200 and 201: 149. 178 Di gopnyan sabe awai trok-
Page 202 and 203: follows. 180 keudeh and hare/sare '
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182 meanings, keudeh implies 'indee
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184 164. Bah beu hinan-jih keudeh.
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I 186 However, one can express an o
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188 [ii]. treuk. treuk is used imme
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190 186. Krueng nyoe sit sabe peuno
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192 followed by a statement saying
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200. Ji-pajoh lagoe. 3-eat SUR 194
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196 205. Ka lagoe ji-woe. PERF SUR
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198 211. [[duwa droejj-jureueng [sa
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200 217. ureueng kemeukoh kamoe per
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202 224. Ka-cok ija nyang gleh sikr
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204 231. Baroe lon-bloe lhee boh pa
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206 of the subject NP, and often wi
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208 240. Teungku-teungku nyang meuh
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210 245. Nyoe long-pakat nyang gala
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212 i 254. Luweue-geuh panyang-pany
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214 intonation. This is the intonat
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216 present, it is possible in Aceh
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218 2 69. Di macut geu-neuk woe u g
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220 [iv]. Another syntactic functio
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222 [vii]. di is also used in sente
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224 290. Nyoe kurusi nyoe karap sab
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226 is often omitted in context, or
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228 intonation, the order subject-p
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230 b) *Di kamoe hana turi gopnyan.
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10. a) Ma 232 na-geuh di rumoh. Mot
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234 animal subjects. (From now on,
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236 27. a) Ureueng nyan teukhem-geu
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4.1 Subject Conditions 238 In my pr
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240 41. Rumoh gopnyan ji-hadap u la
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242 .* *• b) *Ube nyang ka neu-pe
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244 therefore, necessary to redefin
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246 65. Trep-trep meugeuratan-jih s
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70. 'Etnha neu-jak? Where 2r-go 248
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Translation: 250 (7) Tiep uroe ^3 j
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252 or other modifiers. Actually it
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Translation: 254 $. Karap h'an ji-t
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256 Subject omission is also obliga
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258 meaning (p)), such as mubeuno '
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260 83. Beuklam lon-lumpoe saket ma
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). Other adjectives: Hu'ih 'cruel'
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264 These non-volitional verbs and
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266 97. Jih hana pajoh bu ka lhee u
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268 adjective must always be preced
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270 [ii]. Enclitics are also regula
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272 The enclitic from the verb J_aJ
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274 person pronouns, lon/lontuwan '
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276 126. Teungku=apa=jep kupi? Titl
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278 Agent cliticization is very com
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280 b) Jalan teungoh geu-sek(*-geuh
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282 143. Padit are neu-bloe breueh?
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284 Questions with question words a
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286 156. Ta-peudbng keunoe Vespa-te
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288 161. * fSI Mae ngon Teungku di
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4.9.4 In Relative Clauses 290 In re
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292 176. Long-sangka beungeh-neuh.
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294 meuhajat 'to intend' peulheueh
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296 b) Gopnyan galak-geuh geu-jak u
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298 a focus construction, which cau
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300 When the complement of bri or p
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302 201. Peugah-peugah mantong pane
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304 4.9.8 In Introductory Clauses B
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306 referencing, and agreement vari
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308 (See 2.2.1.8.) Thus, the clause
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310 6. Radio lon teungoh geu-cuba p
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312 11. Di lon ban jaga-lon nibak t
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15. Abang 314 ka qeu-Jak-(*qeu-)blo
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316 sentences without verb serializ
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318 b) Lon geu-yue=jak u keude le a
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320 Compare the meanings of the two
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322 These verbs are not entirely ho
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324 45. Rumoh nyoe lbn-neuk-vue=kar
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5.2 NP Complements 326 Clauses can
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328 56. Lon-lumpoe (??nyang) keude
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330 62. Some formal characteristics
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332 66. Lon-kalbn sik^fh geu-mat ba
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334 71. Macut geu-dawa aneuk pya?h,
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336 77. a) Si Tij ji-lumpoe (*jihj)
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338 iak 'I am not going.' However,
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340 [iv]. If the complement has an
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342 lakee 'to ask, to demand' deunq
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344 98. Jih hana ji-takot (*nyang)
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346 104. Pane ta-tujan (pajan) ji-p
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348 believe, know, say, think, prov
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350 keumeung (also neuk 'to want')
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352 b) Guru geu-anggap-teuh salah.
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354 115.*Geutanyoe geu-anggap le gu
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356 preceding section, but here the
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358 Similar to NP complements, obli
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360 Among the verbs from the list t
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362 mubit 'to persist, to strive' m
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5.3 vp complements 364 We can disti
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366 155. Pakon galak-neuh beungeh-n
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368 are verbs that do not allow the
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370 the verb of the complement in t
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372 at5 'to schedule, to direct' pe
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374 184. Droeneuh h'an ji-bri »jep
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kalon 'to see' noieng 'to see' deun
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CHAPTER 6 RELATIVE CLAUSES AND FOCU
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380 head NP ureueng and nvan modifi
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382 b) Na lon-kalon kameng nyang pa
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384 13. Ureueng (nyang) meukat gule
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386 22. Pue neu-jak peugah nyan bak
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388 27. Di gampong gopnyan le ureue
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390 35. a) Ureueng (nyang) meudike
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392 37. d) Ureueng kamoe * (nyang)
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394 b) ??Aneuk-geuh ubit saket. Chi
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396 b) Ureueng * (nyang) tutbng rum
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398 b) Ri *(nyang) lbn-cok brbk. An
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400 kri and ban can be combined to
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402 65. Hana lon-tupeue (nyang) geu
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404 mupat 'known (where/place)' meu
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406 76. Nyang golom tho payah adee
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Translation: 408 na / nvang rava. t
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410 88. Nyang sa geu-peuduwa, nyang
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412 .. 4* 94. Ureueng nyang (*geu-)
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414 It is interesting that some ver
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416 b) Pisang nyang jih-pula ka ji-
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418 s 112. a) Ayah geu-bri peng keu
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420 116. a) Mie nyan galak-geuh le
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422 after the verb. Thus, before ag
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424 127. a) Bajee nyoe hana galak-g
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426 128. c) Aneuk nyang hana geu-br
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428 131. a)*Bajee nyang ji-cop di t
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430 Acehnese (6.2). The topicalized
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432 b) Na teuingat-neuh uroe (watee
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434 usually optional, but the prepo
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436 'The hills which were on my lef
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438 locational prepositions, except
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440 155. a) Pinto nyoe ji-kurek ngo
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442 c) Ho ka meja nyang droeneuh du
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444 stacked relative clauses in the
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446 that the last modifier be expre
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448 1 _ .. 172. Ureueng dong bak ja
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450 175. Nyan bek neu-tanyong bak l
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452 Acehnese does not have a non-re
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454 b) Utoh Tal>e"* nyang peugbt pi
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[ii]. Proper noun: 456 191. Teungku
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458 sentence. This method is termed
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460 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, John M.
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4 62 Dillon, George L. Introduction
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464 Milner, George B. "On the Centr
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