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400 kri and ban can be combined to form the guestion word kriban 'how,' which can also be used as an indefinite head NP. 60. Kriban *(nyang) ji-peugbt, ji-peugbt-jih keudeh. How which 3y-make 3y-make-3y EMP 'Just let him make however he likes.' [v]. Number, size, length/distance: dum/duo 'number' dit 'number' be/ube 'size, number' 'oh 'length, distance' 'et 'length, distance' 61. Dit/dum/be *(nyang) geu-bri lon-teurimbng. Any-number which 3r-give 1-accept 'I will accept any number he gives.' 62. Bah ji-'eue 'et/'oh *(nyang) trok. Let 3y-creep any-distance which arrive 'Just let it creep as far as it can.' 63. Ka-pileh be/ube * (nyang) ek ka-me. 2y-choose size which can 2y-carry 'Please choose any size which you can carry.' ube is also used as a conjunction with the meaning 'as big/much as,' as in (64). With this meaning, it is not a head NP, and therefore cannot be followed by nyang.
401 64. Ka-pasoe ube (*nyang) ek ka-me. 2y-fill as-much-as which can 2y-carry 'Please fill (the bag) as much as you can carry.' (64) is not unacceptable if nvanq is used, but in that case, ube is a head NP and the sentence means 'Please put into (the bag the one of) the size that vou can carry.' 6.1.3.1.1 Head NP's within Words Formed with "tu-words" As discussed in 5.2.1.3 (complements of "tu-verbs"). "tu-verbs" have a rather strange structure because these verbs actually consist of a verbal morpheme and its object. These are verbs from "tu-words" (2.2.1.4). Two other groups of words that also contain "tu-words" that can function as head NP's are (1) adjectives formed from "tu-words" with the prefix meu- 'known,' and (2) question words formed with the prefix pa- 'what' (a bound form of peue 'what'). The verbal morpheme of the "tu-verbs" is the initial syllable tu- which means 'to know.' In a sentence, such as (65) below, the head NP is -peue 'what,' which is the second morpheme of the verb tupeue 'to know (what).' The relative marker nvang is optional before the relative clause following "tu-verbs". I
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->*- - l£iOEt4
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A contextual grammar of Acehnese se
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INFORMATION TO USERS While the most
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A CONTEXTUAL GRAMMAR OF ACEHNESE SE
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For my wife and my children ii
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found a way to help me. With Prof.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACK
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3.3.1 Subject 149 3.3.2 Predicate 1
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Table LIST OF TABLES 1. Pronouns 40
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Meulaboh) and in South Aceh (Capita
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North Aceh dialect. The Greater Ace
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[u] . In the following words, [u] i
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8 will be able to tell that the oth
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10 nothing much to add to what Duri
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12 Other important points in the th
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1.4.1 Phonetic Inventory 14 Acehnes
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16 In addition to single consonants
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18 Besides single vowels, there are
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20 which is [rapa?i] 'traditional A
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a). [w] is written as an. 22 beukah
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'i 'e [iii]. Diphthongs 24 Nasal Vo
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26 1.4.3 Writing Borrowed Words Man
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(ii) PP's: 28 di rumoh* 'in house (
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30 except those marked as unaccepta
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32 ethnography, the dialects, previ
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CHAPTER 2 DERIVATION OF FOUR CLASSE
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2.1 Nouns 36 Nouns are such words a
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38 pronouns are usually made into p
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Person Pronouns 40 Table 1: Pronoun
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42 4. t'oh 'which, any,' beurangkat
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44 3. Aneuk nyan saket-jifl. Child
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46 not any grammatical process comp
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48 '"Teungku" from Bayu.' The follo
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50 kai 'a fourth of an are' gantano
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52 23. Peuet bak bak u payah koh. F
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54 30. Limong go on bubong treuk ka
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56 2.1.5.1.2 Inflation jn Qne-SyUab
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58 37. Bajee nyoe ka teuplbh ceuneu
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60 tirut 'pointed, smaller and smal
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62 with the first syllable omitted
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adverbs. 64 beurangkari 'any, any o
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2.2 Verbs sioeue 'one thing' siKrek
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2.2.1.1.1 Noun Sterna 68 Many verbs
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70 muminveuk 'to make cooking oil'
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72 'to use musical instrument,' meu
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74 meukanto 'to build or occupy a p
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76 meu?eunokot 'to sell fish from p
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78 67. Di Ion lon-mumakmeuoang di g
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80 mubrok 'to be in bad terms (with
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82 this is rather strange because t
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84 meuteubiet-teubiet 'everyone is
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86 b). Some verbs are formed from k
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with.' 88 peugaki 'to push with one
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90 89. Jeh-pat ceurape. Ka-peulet b
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92 [iv]. With numerals and guantifi
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94 97. Ka meutet surat saboh. PERF
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96 Table 3: "tu-words' 1. soe 'who,
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98 activity.' It is also used with
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100 got 'to pull (tr.);' aeumeuaot
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102 2.2.1.5.5 Initial Svllabla Omis
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2.2.1.7 cau- and -sur.- 104 As used
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106 It should be noted that words d
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108 113. Jih leubeh carong nibak ge
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110 a). With some verbs meu - means
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2.3.1.2 aau- -aun- 112 These two af
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hunchbacked' 114 tahe 'amazed;' teu
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116 [ii]. Past Time Adverbs. To for
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118 into hi- discussed in [i.a] abo
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120 (3.3.3.4.2). The clause followi
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122 Unlike adjectives, adverbs of m
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124 beurangka'oh 'in any manner' me
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2.5 F"""p*-Y 126 geureub'um* reubah
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3.1 Word Qrdar CHAPTER 3 SENTENCES
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130 Compare also the intonation of
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132 seems to be the basic order for
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3.2 Intonation 134 Intonation varie
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136 11. Aneuk-miet nyang saket brat
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138 c). A PP: a predicate or a PP i
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29. Nyari^fliantong*. That still 14
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142 3.2.3 intonation in "Predicate-
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144 Every time fronting occurs with
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146 3.2.6 Intonation in Questions w
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148 Acehnese: Jih ji-jak u keude. [
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150 because the sentence should beg
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152 sentence where two such NP's ha
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154 active sentences by subject NP'
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156 definitions of subjects. Due to
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158 In all sentences below, the ini
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160 As a subject, ureueng nyan can
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162 87. Keubiri nyoe asee nya*n ji-
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164 97. Lon ji-poh le jih. I 3y-bea
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Aspect 166 »I Modal }MD (PP)(PP) P
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168 teungoh 'middle' (Progressive)
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170 116. Lon meuseuti Ion-woe jinoe
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172 able, have the ability.' The ve
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174 3.3.3.4 The Positions of Adverb
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176 Adverbs of result are expressed
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149. 178 Di gopnyan sabe awai trok-
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follows. 180 keudeh and hare/sare '
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182 meanings, keudeh implies 'indee
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184 164. Bah beu hinan-jih keudeh.
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I 186 However, one can express an o
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188 [ii]. treuk. treuk is used imme
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190 186. Krueng nyoe sit sabe peuno
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192 followed by a statement saying
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200. Ji-pajoh lagoe. 3-eat SUR 194
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196 205. Ka lagoe ji-woe. PERF SUR
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198 211. [[duwa droejj-jureueng [sa
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200 217. ureueng kemeukoh kamoe per
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202 224. Ka-cok ija nyang gleh sikr
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204 231. Baroe lon-bloe lhee boh pa
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206 of the subject NP, and often wi
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208 240. Teungku-teungku nyang meuh
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210 245. Nyoe long-pakat nyang gala
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212 i 254. Luweue-geuh panyang-pany
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214 intonation. This is the intonat
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216 present, it is possible in Aceh
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218 2 69. Di macut geu-neuk woe u g
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220 [iv]. Another syntactic functio
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222 [vii]. di is also used in sente
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224 290. Nyoe kurusi nyoe karap sab
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226 is often omitted in context, or
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228 intonation, the order subject-p
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230 b) *Di kamoe hana turi gopnyan.
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10. a) Ma 232 na-geuh di rumoh. Mot
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234 animal subjects. (From now on,
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236 27. a) Ureueng nyan teukhem-geu
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4.1 Subject Conditions 238 In my pr
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240 41. Rumoh gopnyan ji-hadap u la
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242 .* *• b) *Ube nyang ka neu-pe
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244 therefore, necessary to redefin
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246 65. Trep-trep meugeuratan-jih s
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70. 'Etnha neu-jak? Where 2r-go 248
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Translation: 250 (7) Tiep uroe ^3 j
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252 or other modifiers. Actually it
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Translation: 254 $. Karap h'an ji-t
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256 Subject omission is also obliga
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258 meaning (p)), such as mubeuno '
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260 83. Beuklam lon-lumpoe saket ma
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). Other adjectives: Hu'ih 'cruel'
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264 These non-volitional verbs and
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266 97. Jih hana pajoh bu ka lhee u
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268 adjective must always be preced
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270 [ii]. Enclitics are also regula
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272 The enclitic from the verb J_aJ
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274 person pronouns, lon/lontuwan '
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276 126. Teungku=apa=jep kupi? Titl
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278 Agent cliticization is very com
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280 b) Jalan teungoh geu-sek(*-geuh
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282 143. Padit are neu-bloe breueh?
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284 Questions with question words a
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286 156. Ta-peudbng keunoe Vespa-te
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288 161. * fSI Mae ngon Teungku di
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4.9.4 In Relative Clauses 290 In re
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292 176. Long-sangka beungeh-neuh.
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294 meuhajat 'to intend' peulheueh
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296 b) Gopnyan galak-geuh geu-jak u
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298 a focus construction, which cau
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300 When the complement of bri or p
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302 201. Peugah-peugah mantong pane
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304 4.9.8 In Introductory Clauses B
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306 referencing, and agreement vari
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308 (See 2.2.1.8.) Thus, the clause
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310 6. Radio lon teungoh geu-cuba p
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312 11. Di lon ban jaga-lon nibak t
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15. Abang 314 ka qeu-Jak-(*qeu-)blo
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316 sentences without verb serializ
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318 b) Lon geu-yue=jak u keude le a
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320 Compare the meanings of the two
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322 These verbs are not entirely ho
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324 45. Rumoh nyoe lbn-neuk-vue=kar
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5.2 NP Complements 326 Clauses can
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328 56. Lon-lumpoe (??nyang) keude
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330 62. Some formal characteristics
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332 66. Lon-kalbn sik^fh geu-mat ba
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334 71. Macut geu-dawa aneuk pya?h,
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336 77. a) Si Tij ji-lumpoe (*jihj)
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338 iak 'I am not going.' However,
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340 [iv]. If the complement has an
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342 lakee 'to ask, to demand' deunq
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344 98. Jih hana ji-takot (*nyang)
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346 104. Pane ta-tujan (pajan) ji-p
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348 believe, know, say, think, prov
Page 372 and 373: 350 keumeung (also neuk 'to want')
Page 374 and 375: 352 b) Guru geu-anggap-teuh salah.
Page 376 and 377: 354 115.*Geutanyoe geu-anggap le gu
Page 378 and 379: 356 preceding section, but here the
Page 380 and 381: 358 Similar to NP complements, obli
Page 382 and 383: 360 Among the verbs from the list t
Page 384 and 385: 362 mubit 'to persist, to strive' m
Page 386 and 387: 5.3 vp complements 364 We can disti
Page 388 and 389: 366 155. Pakon galak-neuh beungeh-n
Page 390 and 391: 368 are verbs that do not allow the
Page 392 and 393: 370 the verb of the complement in t
Page 394 and 395: 372 at5 'to schedule, to direct' pe
Page 396 and 397: 374 184. Droeneuh h'an ji-bri »jep
Page 398 and 399: kalon 'to see' noieng 'to see' deun
Page 400 and 401: CHAPTER 6 RELATIVE CLAUSES AND FOCU
Page 402 and 403: 380 head NP ureueng and nvan modifi
Page 404 and 405: 382 b) Na lon-kalon kameng nyang pa
Page 406 and 407: 384 13. Ureueng (nyang) meukat gule
Page 408 and 409: 386 22. Pue neu-jak peugah nyan bak
Page 410 and 411: 388 27. Di gampong gopnyan le ureue
Page 412 and 413: 390 35. a) Ureueng (nyang) meudike
Page 414 and 415: 392 37. d) Ureueng kamoe * (nyang)
Page 416 and 417: 394 b) ??Aneuk-geuh ubit saket. Chi
Page 418 and 419: 396 b) Ureueng * (nyang) tutbng rum
Page 420 and 421: 398 b) Ri *(nyang) lbn-cok brbk. An
Page 424 and 425: 402 65. Hana lon-tupeue (nyang) geu
Page 426 and 427: 404 mupat 'known (where/place)' meu
Page 428 and 429: 406 76. Nyang golom tho payah adee
Page 430 and 431: Translation: 408 na / nvang rava. t
Page 432 and 433: 410 88. Nyang sa geu-peuduwa, nyang
Page 434 and 435: 412 .. 4* 94. Ureueng nyang (*geu-)
Page 436 and 437: 414 It is interesting that some ver
Page 438 and 439: 416 b) Pisang nyang jih-pula ka ji-
Page 440 and 441: 418 s 112. a) Ayah geu-bri peng keu
Page 442 and 443: 420 116. a) Mie nyan galak-geuh le
Page 444 and 445: 422 after the verb. Thus, before ag
Page 446 and 447: 424 127. a) Bajee nyoe hana galak-g
Page 448 and 449: 426 128. c) Aneuk nyang hana geu-br
Page 450 and 451: 428 131. a)*Bajee nyang ji-cop di t
Page 452 and 453: 430 Acehnese (6.2). The topicalized
Page 454 and 455: 432 b) Na teuingat-neuh uroe (watee
Page 456 and 457: 434 usually optional, but the prepo
Page 458 and 459: 436 'The hills which were on my lef
Page 460 and 461: 438 locational prepositions, except
Page 462 and 463: 440 155. a) Pinto nyoe ji-kurek ngo
Page 464 and 465: 442 c) Ho ka meja nyang droeneuh du
Page 466 and 467: 444 stacked relative clauses in the
Page 468 and 469: 446 that the last modifier be expre
Page 470 and 471: 448 1 _ .. 172. Ureueng dong bak ja
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450 175. Nyan bek neu-tanyong bak l
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452 Acehnese does not have a non-re
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454 b) Utoh Tal>e"* nyang peugbt pi
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[ii]. Proper noun: 456 191. Teungku
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458 sentence. This method is termed
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460 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, John M.
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4 62 Dillon, George L. Introduction
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464 Milner, George B. "On the Centr
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