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170 116. Lon meuseuti Ion-woe jinoe. I must 1-go home now 'I must go home now.' 117. 'Etnhoe hat meuseuti/teuntee ka trok-geuh u Idi. This-far time must PERF arrive-3r to Idi •'At this hour he must have arrived in Idi.' 118. Kamoe h'an jeuet meu-jak uroe nyoe. Weexc NEG can lexc~ ao dav this ' We cannot come today.' 119. Buku nyoe h'an jeuet puwoe u rumoh. Book this NEG may bring home to house 'This book cannot be taken home.' 120. Droeneuh payah neu-woe siat. You- must 2r-go home a moment ' You must go home for a moment.' 121. Adak meu le lon-bloe teuntee lon-bri rata mandum. If if many 1-buy will 1-give same all 'If I had bought many (of these), I would give to each of you (one).' «. 122. Ek neu-beu?et nyan sidroe-neuh? Can 2r-lift that alone-2r 'Can you lift that by yourself?' Another word that is also used as modal of obligation is beu with the meaning 'must.'
171 123. Beu ka-bayeue jinoe, meuh'an mate-keuh. Must 2y-pay now if not die-2y 'You must pay now, or you will die.' Lastly, the verb na. 'to exist' is often used as a modal or an auxiliary with the function almost similar to that of the English do. It is used for emphasis, as in (124), in yes/no questions, as in (125), and contracts with negative word h'an 'not,' resulting in hana 'not, there is no.' 5 124. Gopnyan na geu-jak bak geutanyoe. Her EMP 3r-go to we 'He did come to our place.' 125. Na neu-jak u meulasah beuklam? AUX 2r-go to "meulasah" last night 'Did you go to "meulasah" (village center) last night?' 126. Di gopnyan hana geu-turi geutanyoe. SFC he. NEG 3r-recognize we^nc 'He doesn't recognize us.' There are other words jeuet. pavah. and teuntee which are not modals. There are two words ieuet: a verb with the meaning 'to dare,' and an adjective with the meaning 'be 5 When contracted with Qa., h' an loses it final [n] and the nasal quality of its vowel.
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->*- - l£iOEt4
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A contextual grammar of Acehnese se
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INFORMATION TO USERS While the most
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A CONTEXTUAL GRAMMAR OF ACEHNESE SE
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For my wife and my children ii
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found a way to help me. With Prof.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACK
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3.3.1 Subject 149 3.3.2 Predicate 1
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Table LIST OF TABLES 1. Pronouns 40
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Meulaboh) and in South Aceh (Capita
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North Aceh dialect. The Greater Ace
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[u] . In the following words, [u] i
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8 will be able to tell that the oth
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10 nothing much to add to what Duri
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12 Other important points in the th
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1.4.1 Phonetic Inventory 14 Acehnes
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16 In addition to single consonants
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18 Besides single vowels, there are
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20 which is [rapa?i] 'traditional A
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a). [w] is written as an. 22 beukah
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'i 'e [iii]. Diphthongs 24 Nasal Vo
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26 1.4.3 Writing Borrowed Words Man
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(ii) PP's: 28 di rumoh* 'in house (
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30 except those marked as unaccepta
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32 ethnography, the dialects, previ
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CHAPTER 2 DERIVATION OF FOUR CLASSE
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2.1 Nouns 36 Nouns are such words a
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38 pronouns are usually made into p
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Person Pronouns 40 Table 1: Pronoun
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42 4. t'oh 'which, any,' beurangkat
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44 3. Aneuk nyan saket-jifl. Child
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46 not any grammatical process comp
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48 '"Teungku" from Bayu.' The follo
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50 kai 'a fourth of an are' gantano
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52 23. Peuet bak bak u payah koh. F
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54 30. Limong go on bubong treuk ka
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56 2.1.5.1.2 Inflation jn Qne-SyUab
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58 37. Bajee nyoe ka teuplbh ceuneu
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60 tirut 'pointed, smaller and smal
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62 with the first syllable omitted
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adverbs. 64 beurangkari 'any, any o
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2.2 Verbs sioeue 'one thing' siKrek
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2.2.1.1.1 Noun Sterna 68 Many verbs
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70 muminveuk 'to make cooking oil'
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72 'to use musical instrument,' meu
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74 meukanto 'to build or occupy a p
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76 meu?eunokot 'to sell fish from p
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78 67. Di Ion lon-mumakmeuoang di g
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80 mubrok 'to be in bad terms (with
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82 this is rather strange because t
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84 meuteubiet-teubiet 'everyone is
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86 b). Some verbs are formed from k
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with.' 88 peugaki 'to push with one
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90 89. Jeh-pat ceurape. Ka-peulet b
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92 [iv]. With numerals and guantifi
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94 97. Ka meutet surat saboh. PERF
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96 Table 3: "tu-words' 1. soe 'who,
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98 activity.' It is also used with
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100 got 'to pull (tr.);' aeumeuaot
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102 2.2.1.5.5 Initial Svllabla Omis
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2.2.1.7 cau- and -sur.- 104 As used
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106 It should be noted that words d
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108 113. Jih leubeh carong nibak ge
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110 a). With some verbs meu - means
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2.3.1.2 aau- -aun- 112 These two af
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hunchbacked' 114 tahe 'amazed;' teu
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116 [ii]. Past Time Adverbs. To for
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118 into hi- discussed in [i.a] abo
Page 142 and 143: 120 (3.3.3.4.2). The clause followi
Page 144 and 145: 122 Unlike adjectives, adverbs of m
Page 146 and 147: 124 beurangka'oh 'in any manner' me
Page 148 and 149: 2.5 F"""p*-Y 126 geureub'um* reubah
Page 150 and 151: 3.1 Word Qrdar CHAPTER 3 SENTENCES
Page 152 and 153: 130 Compare also the intonation of
Page 154 and 155: 132 seems to be the basic order for
Page 156 and 157: 3.2 Intonation 134 Intonation varie
Page 158 and 159: 136 11. Aneuk-miet nyang saket brat
Page 160 and 161: 138 c). A PP: a predicate or a PP i
Page 162 and 163: 29. Nyari^fliantong*. That still 14
Page 164 and 165: 142 3.2.3 intonation in "Predicate-
Page 166 and 167: 144 Every time fronting occurs with
Page 168 and 169: 146 3.2.6 Intonation in Questions w
Page 170 and 171: 148 Acehnese: Jih ji-jak u keude. [
Page 172 and 173: 150 because the sentence should beg
Page 174 and 175: 152 sentence where two such NP's ha
Page 176 and 177: 154 active sentences by subject NP'
Page 178 and 179: 156 definitions of subjects. Due to
Page 180 and 181: 158 In all sentences below, the ini
Page 182 and 183: 160 As a subject, ureueng nyan can
Page 184 and 185: 162 87. Keubiri nyoe asee nya*n ji-
Page 186 and 187: 164 97. Lon ji-poh le jih. I 3y-bea
Page 188 and 189: Aspect 166 »I Modal }MD (PP)(PP) P
Page 190 and 191: 168 teungoh 'middle' (Progressive)
Page 194 and 195: 172 able, have the ability.' The ve
Page 196 and 197: 174 3.3.3.4 The Positions of Adverb
Page 198 and 199: 176 Adverbs of result are expressed
Page 200 and 201: 149. 178 Di gopnyan sabe awai trok-
Page 202 and 203: follows. 180 keudeh and hare/sare '
Page 204 and 205: 182 meanings, keudeh implies 'indee
Page 206 and 207: 184 164. Bah beu hinan-jih keudeh.
Page 208 and 209: I 186 However, one can express an o
Page 210 and 211: 188 [ii]. treuk. treuk is used imme
Page 212 and 213: 190 186. Krueng nyoe sit sabe peuno
Page 214 and 215: 192 followed by a statement saying
Page 216 and 217: 200. Ji-pajoh lagoe. 3-eat SUR 194
Page 218 and 219: 196 205. Ka lagoe ji-woe. PERF SUR
Page 220 and 221: 198 211. [[duwa droejj-jureueng [sa
Page 222 and 223: 200 217. ureueng kemeukoh kamoe per
Page 224 and 225: 202 224. Ka-cok ija nyang gleh sikr
Page 226 and 227: 204 231. Baroe lon-bloe lhee boh pa
Page 228 and 229: 206 of the subject NP, and often wi
Page 230 and 231: 208 240. Teungku-teungku nyang meuh
Page 232 and 233: 210 245. Nyoe long-pakat nyang gala
Page 234 and 235: 212 i 254. Luweue-geuh panyang-pany
Page 236 and 237: 214 intonation. This is the intonat
Page 238 and 239: 216 present, it is possible in Aceh
Page 240 and 241: 218 2 69. Di macut geu-neuk woe u g
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220 [iv]. Another syntactic functio
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222 [vii]. di is also used in sente
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224 290. Nyoe kurusi nyoe karap sab
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226 is often omitted in context, or
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228 intonation, the order subject-p
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230 b) *Di kamoe hana turi gopnyan.
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10. a) Ma 232 na-geuh di rumoh. Mot
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234 animal subjects. (From now on,
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236 27. a) Ureueng nyan teukhem-geu
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4.1 Subject Conditions 238 In my pr
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240 41. Rumoh gopnyan ji-hadap u la
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242 .* *• b) *Ube nyang ka neu-pe
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244 therefore, necessary to redefin
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246 65. Trep-trep meugeuratan-jih s
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70. 'Etnha neu-jak? Where 2r-go 248
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Translation: 250 (7) Tiep uroe ^3 j
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252 or other modifiers. Actually it
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Translation: 254 $. Karap h'an ji-t
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256 Subject omission is also obliga
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258 meaning (p)), such as mubeuno '
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260 83. Beuklam lon-lumpoe saket ma
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). Other adjectives: Hu'ih 'cruel'
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264 These non-volitional verbs and
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266 97. Jih hana pajoh bu ka lhee u
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268 adjective must always be preced
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270 [ii]. Enclitics are also regula
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272 The enclitic from the verb J_aJ
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274 person pronouns, lon/lontuwan '
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276 126. Teungku=apa=jep kupi? Titl
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278 Agent cliticization is very com
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280 b) Jalan teungoh geu-sek(*-geuh
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282 143. Padit are neu-bloe breueh?
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284 Questions with question words a
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286 156. Ta-peudbng keunoe Vespa-te
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288 161. * fSI Mae ngon Teungku di
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4.9.4 In Relative Clauses 290 In re
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292 176. Long-sangka beungeh-neuh.
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294 meuhajat 'to intend' peulheueh
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296 b) Gopnyan galak-geuh geu-jak u
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298 a focus construction, which cau
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300 When the complement of bri or p
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302 201. Peugah-peugah mantong pane
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304 4.9.8 In Introductory Clauses B
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306 referencing, and agreement vari
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308 (See 2.2.1.8.) Thus, the clause
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310 6. Radio lon teungoh geu-cuba p
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312 11. Di lon ban jaga-lon nibak t
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15. Abang 314 ka qeu-Jak-(*qeu-)blo
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316 sentences without verb serializ
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318 b) Lon geu-yue=jak u keude le a
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320 Compare the meanings of the two
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322 These verbs are not entirely ho
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324 45. Rumoh nyoe lbn-neuk-vue=kar
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5.2 NP Complements 326 Clauses can
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328 56. Lon-lumpoe (??nyang) keude
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330 62. Some formal characteristics
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332 66. Lon-kalbn sik^fh geu-mat ba
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334 71. Macut geu-dawa aneuk pya?h,
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336 77. a) Si Tij ji-lumpoe (*jihj)
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338 iak 'I am not going.' However,
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340 [iv]. If the complement has an
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342 lakee 'to ask, to demand' deunq
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344 98. Jih hana ji-takot (*nyang)
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346 104. Pane ta-tujan (pajan) ji-p
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348 believe, know, say, think, prov
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350 keumeung (also neuk 'to want')
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352 b) Guru geu-anggap-teuh salah.
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354 115.*Geutanyoe geu-anggap le gu
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356 preceding section, but here the
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358 Similar to NP complements, obli
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360 Among the verbs from the list t
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362 mubit 'to persist, to strive' m
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5.3 vp complements 364 We can disti
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366 155. Pakon galak-neuh beungeh-n
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368 are verbs that do not allow the
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370 the verb of the complement in t
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372 at5 'to schedule, to direct' pe
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374 184. Droeneuh h'an ji-bri »jep
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kalon 'to see' noieng 'to see' deun
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CHAPTER 6 RELATIVE CLAUSES AND FOCU
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380 head NP ureueng and nvan modifi
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382 b) Na lon-kalon kameng nyang pa
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384 13. Ureueng (nyang) meukat gule
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386 22. Pue neu-jak peugah nyan bak
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388 27. Di gampong gopnyan le ureue
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390 35. a) Ureueng (nyang) meudike
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392 37. d) Ureueng kamoe * (nyang)
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394 b) ??Aneuk-geuh ubit saket. Chi
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396 b) Ureueng * (nyang) tutbng rum
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398 b) Ri *(nyang) lbn-cok brbk. An
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400 kri and ban can be combined to
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402 65. Hana lon-tupeue (nyang) geu
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404 mupat 'known (where/place)' meu
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406 76. Nyang golom tho payah adee
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Translation: 408 na / nvang rava. t
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410 88. Nyang sa geu-peuduwa, nyang
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412 .. 4* 94. Ureueng nyang (*geu-)
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414 It is interesting that some ver
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416 b) Pisang nyang jih-pula ka ji-
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418 s 112. a) Ayah geu-bri peng keu
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420 116. a) Mie nyan galak-geuh le
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422 after the verb. Thus, before ag
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424 127. a) Bajee nyoe hana galak-g
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426 128. c) Aneuk nyang hana geu-br
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428 131. a)*Bajee nyang ji-cop di t
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430 Acehnese (6.2). The topicalized
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432 b) Na teuingat-neuh uroe (watee
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434 usually optional, but the prepo
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436 'The hills which were on my lef
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438 locational prepositions, except
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440 155. a) Pinto nyoe ji-kurek ngo
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442 c) Ho ka meja nyang droeneuh du
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444 stacked relative clauses in the
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446 that the last modifier be expre
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448 1 _ .. 172. Ureueng dong bak ja
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450 175. Nyan bek neu-tanyong bak l
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452 Acehnese does not have a non-re
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454 b) Utoh Tal>e"* nyang peugbt pi
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[ii]. Proper noun: 456 191. Teungku
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458 sentence. This method is termed
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460 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, John M.
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4 62 Dillon, George L. Introduction
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464 Milner, George B. "On the Centr
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