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86 DECLENSION [100compounds only when two consonants precede/ as yajnapriy-amsacrifice-loving, but yajna-nyam (= yajna-niam)leading the sacrifice. Otherwise i is always written as y,but is invariably to be pronounced as i,as nady-am pronouncednadiam -stream.The monosyllabic stems belonging to the radical class arethe feminines dht thought, hhifear, sri glory, and the m. vireceiver (occurring only once in the N. s.).The compoundsof the first three, being mostly Bahuvrlhis (189), and thecompounds formed from the roots kri huy, ni lead, pri love,mi diminish, vi move, si lie, sri mix, being mostly accusativeTatpurusas (187), are both m. and f.The secondary group consists of more than eighty polysyllabicstems accented on the final syllable and probablyfor this reason following the analogy of the radical compounds.Excepting about half a dozen they are substantives,nearly all The masculines f.are ahi serpent, rathi charioteer,and about eight compounds.&.The declension in derivative i embraces a large numberof stems formed by means of the suffix i (originally ya)largely to supply a f. to m. words, and not normally accentingIt also includes a large number of miscellaneousthe suffix.''f. stems of an independent character having no correspondingm., as sac-i might. It includes seven m. stems, five of1In the secondary radical group (a 2, p. 87) the i is split only insamudxi and partly in cakri.2The resolved forms given below are spelt with i(not iy as theymay have been pronounced) so as to avoid confusion with the writtenforms of the Samhita text that are spelt with iy. Again the resolvedvowel is given as i (not i) because long vowels are regularly shortenedin pronunciation before vowels (p. 22, notes 1 and 5).2The exceptions are mostly stems in whicli the preceding syllable,having been reduced, throws the accent forward, e.g. uru, f. urv-i,ivide ;or in which, as proper names, the accent has shifted to indicatea change of moaning^ e. g. asikni a river, but ^sikni black.
100] RADICAL AND DERIVATIVE I STEMS 87which are proper names: Tirasci, Nami, Prthi, Matali,Sobhari, besides rastri ruler, siri iveaver.The inflexion of these sterns^ differs from that of theradical i stems in three respects :— (1) no s is added inthe N. s. m. or f. ; (2) the endings diverge considerablyfrom the normal ones, the s. A. taking m, the D. ai, theAb.G. as, the L. am, the pi. N.V.A. s ; (3) stems accentedon the final vowel shift the acute to the ending in the weakcases of the s.,in the G.L. du., and in the G. pi.a. Radical Stems. h. Derivative Stems.1. dhi f.tJtaugM. 2. rathi m. f. devi f.goddess.charioteer.
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A VEDIC GRAMMARFOR STUDENTSBYARTHUR
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PJ^EFACEA PRACTICAL Vedic grammar h
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PREFACEVsurvey of Vedic sounds as e
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PKEFACEviiappropriate place within
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PrefaceList of Abbkeviations .Corre
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LISTOF ABBREVIATIONSA. = accusative
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CHAPTEE IPHONETIC INTRODUCTION1. Ve
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3-4] THE VOWELS 3(y) seven cerebral
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4-5] VOWEL GRADATION 5duvo-yu loisl
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6-7] THE CONSONANTS 7The Consonants
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10] NASALS 9initiallj', medially, a
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11] SEMIVOWELS 11b. The semivowel v
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12-14] BREATHING H—SPIRANTS 13Med
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15]PKONUNCIATION 16as containing an
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15] PKONUNCIATION 17Examples are: i
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15] PEONUNCIATION 19as sit,sas oidc
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17-18] EXTEENAL SANDHI 21A. Extei'n
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19-21] EXTERNAL VOWEL SANDIII 23h.
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23-25] ABSENCE OF VOWEL SANDHI 25h.
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27-28] EXTERNAL SANDHI OF CONSONANT
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29-32] EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 29
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'atandrah37-40] EXTERNAL CONSONANT
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41-42] EXTEKNAL CONSONANT SANDHI .
Page 51 and 52: 43-46] EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 35
Page 53 and 54: 49-50] EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 37
Page 55 and 56: 52-56] EXTEENAL CONSONANT SANDHI 39
Page 57 and 58: G1-G3] INTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 41
Page 59 and 60: 65] CEREBEALTZATION OF DENTAL N 43k
Page 61 and 62: 66-67] CEREBRALTZATION OF S 45the i
Page 63 and 64: 69-70] DECLENSION 47lengthening a p
Page 65 and 66: 72-74] DECLENSION 49shortened in th
Page 67 and 68: 77] STEMS IN DENTALS 511. Of the st
Page 69 and 70: 78-79] STEMS IN PALATALS 53no neute
Page 71 and 72: 79] STEMS TN PALATALS AND S 55dhrs-
Page 73 and 74: 81-82] STEMS IN H AND R 57anadiit-s
Page 75 and 76: 83] STEMS IN AS 59are accented on t
Page 77 and 78: 'In Latin and Greek the distinction
Page 79 and 80: 85-8G] PEESENT PARTICIPLES 63J). Th
Page 81 and 82: 88-89] COMPARATIVE STEMS IN YAMS 65
Page 83 and 84: 89-90] STEMS IN AN, MAN, VAN G7ok-i
Page 85 and 86: 90] STEMS IN MAN 69the strong forms
Page 87 and 88: .IKREGULAE2The stem retains the acc
Page 89 and 90: 93] ADJECTIVES IN ANC 73Masculine.S
Page 91 and 92: 95-9(5] FEMININES OF CHANGEABLE STE
Page 93 and 94: 97] STEMS IN A AND A i IThese two d
Page 95 and 96: 97-98] EADICAL A STEMS 79rare that
Page 97 and 98: '"'tr(sucasucauV. suce98] DERIVATIV
Page 99 and 100: 98-99] IRREGULAR I STEMS 83also som
Page 101: 99-100] STEMS IN I AND U 85Sing. N.
Page 106 and 107: '90 DECLENSION [100-101N.A. bhuv-aI
Page 108 and 109: 92 DECLENSION [101strong stem. The
Page 110 and 111: 94 DECLENSION [102-1033. dyo m. f.
Page 112 and 113: 9.6 DECLENSION [10313. In a few exa
Page 114 and 115: 98 DECLENSION [104-105a. The number
Page 116 and 117: 100 DECLENSION [105-106a consonant,
Page 118 and 119: 102 DECLENSION [107of the first fou
Page 120 and 121: '^104 DECLENSION [109A. Personal Pr
Page 122 and 123: 106 DECLENSION [110
Page 124 and 125: '108 DECLENSION [111roots i(which n
Page 126 and 127: 110 DECLENSION [112-]13a one, gener
Page 128 and 129: 112 DECLENSION [115-116used as an A
Page 130 and 131: 114 DECLENSION [117-119a. With the
Page 132 and 133: IIG DECLENSION [120PI. N. visve. G.
Page 134 and 135: 118 CONJUGATION [121-122with three
Page 136 and 137: 120 CONJUGATION [1-25-127A. First C
Page 138 and 139: 122 CONJUGATION [128-129The Augment
Page 140 and 141: 124 CONJUGATION [131Terminations.13
Page 142 and 143: '^This i combines with the final a
Page 144 and 145: 128 CONJUGATION [132FIRST CONJUGATI
Page 146 and 147: 180
Page 148 and 149: 132 CONJUGATION[132Third Class :bhr
Page 150 and 151: 134 CONJUGATION[132Fifth Class : kr
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IKiG CONJUGATION[132Active.Present.
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\ -138CONJUGATION [132Active.Presen
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140 CONJUGATION [133Irregularities
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142 CONJUGATION [134beginning with
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144 CONJUGATION [134B. Third or Red
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146 CONJUGATION [m-i355. In the imp
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148 CONJUGATION [13Ga. Terminations
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150 CONJUGATION [137tap heut, dabh
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152 CONJUGATION [1384, ni lead :str
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I154 CONJUGATION [139o. vid know io
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156 CONJUGATION [meight occur, are
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158 CONJUGATION [i40-uiyem-ana (^^y
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160 CONJUGATION [141-143Indicative.
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162 CONJUGATION [i432. The subjunct
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164 CONJUGATION [144-/sri); a-hai-t
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166 CONJUGATION [Ii5-146(mra not he
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168 CONJUGATION [W-USIt is almost r
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170 CONJUGATION [usthe endings s an
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172 CONJUGATION [usa. There are als
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174 CONJUGATION[149The following ar
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176 CONJUGATION [150-1511. pi. acti
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178 CONJUGATION [152-154almost limi
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180 CONJUGATION[ir,5-i56'the Samhit
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182 CONJUGATION [157-158jaks-i-vams
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184 CONJUGATIONS [1601. na, which i
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186 CONJUGATION [162162. The Future
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188 CONJUGATION [163in tu which is
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190 CONJUGATION [165-167165. 2. tya
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192 CONJUGATION[i67h. verbal nouns
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194 CONJUGATION[i67always ends in a
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196 CONJUGATION[i68The causative is
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198 CONJUGATION [168-169ksay-5,ya)
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200 CONJUGATION [1715. ghas eat cha
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ja-gam202 CONJUGATION [172-173a. Th
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204 CONJUGATION [1743. Opt. No cert
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206 CONJUGATION [175e. g. jara-ya t
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CHAPTER VINDECLINABLE WORDSPreposit
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210 INDECLINABLE WORDS [177-178(als
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212 INDECLINABLE WORDS [179purva,-t
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214 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180a. In B.
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216 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180for, wit
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218 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [1802. There
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with220 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180it t
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222 INDECLINABLE WORDS [isoh. It al
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224 INDECLINABLE WORDS[180It often
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226 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180why has
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228 INDECLINABLE WORDS[180ca (Gk. r
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230 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180after a
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232 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180rarely,
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234 INDECLINABLE WORDS [i8otii,thou
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I236 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180infinit
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238 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180nu ' or
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240 INDECLINABLE WORDS [iso(= Lat.
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242 INDECLINABLE WOEDS" [180l&d ydt
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244 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180praise t
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ya24^ INDECLINABLE WOKDS [180if he
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248 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180there ar
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250 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180(h. With
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252 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180in the R
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antCHAPTER VINOMINAL STEM FORMATION
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sus-ka256 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [i
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258 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182e.g.
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200 NOMINAL STEM FOEMATION [182(Gk.
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I262 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [is-ika
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264 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182-183
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2()6 VERBAL COMPOUNDS [is4pain arou
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'268 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [185-18(5The
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270 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [1S6-1873. Th
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•''This"'272 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [i
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274 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [187-188
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276 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [iss-iso
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278 NOMINAL STEM FOKMATION [189occu
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280 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [WJadhi-
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282 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [189a. S
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284 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [191and as i
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286 , OUTLINESOF SYNTAX[191most clo
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288 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX {m-mprthivih
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290 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194mitras t
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292 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194-195and
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294 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [195referenc
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29G OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i95relative
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298 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [196THE CASE
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300 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197(TB.) ta
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302 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197and by g
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304 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [198and B. ;
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306 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i99Instrume
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308 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199differen
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310 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199-200the
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312 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200and krud
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314 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200B. The d
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316 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201have rec
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318 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201-202Anal
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320 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2027. In Fj
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322 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [202P. It is
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324 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [203-204vyus
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326 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [204-205to t
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328 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [205-206tasm
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330 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [208-209divi
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332 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [209-210catt
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334 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX[-211crenj po
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386 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211jar^dhya
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338 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211ma no ma
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340 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [212The only
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342 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213na soma
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844 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213loose th
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346 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [•213-214i
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348 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [214-215wUl
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350 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215which wa
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352 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2ir,in whic
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354 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2i5future i
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356 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215nasate s
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358 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215once be
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360 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215-2161rat
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362 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216rta vada
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364 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216verb (op
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366 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2I6a daivya
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368 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [218a. When
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870 APPENDIX Iad eat, II.: pr. admi
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372 APPENDIX Iroot, inda, the is ao
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374 APPENDIX Iroot: arta; arata ;in
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pr.376 APPENDIX ISB. karisyas. co.
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378 APPENDIX IPR. ksiyati; or. ksiy
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380 APPENDIX Iipv. guhata pt.; guha
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882 APPENDIX Icinusva; vt. cinvant;
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384 APPENDIX I(VS.) and ajijipata (
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386 APPENDIX IAo. atayi (B.). pp. t
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388 APPENDIX IPT. dadasvams. pp. da
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pr.390 APPENDIX Iadides, adidet. rr
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892 APPENDIX 12. dr a, sleep, II. F
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394 APPENDIX IAo. root : iNJ. dhrth
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396 APPENDIX Inu praise, I. : pk. n
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398 APPENDIX Iipv. pinva ; pinvatam
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400 APPENDIX Ipri p?msr, IX. : pr.
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402 APPENDIX Ibhiks hcf/, I. A. : p
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404 APPENDIX Imamahana. pp. niahita
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406 APPENDIX IAo. sa : amiksat (B.)
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408 , APPENDIX1mrs toudi, VI. : vn.
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410 APPENDIX IJ.thas, yuyota; op. y
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412 APPENDIX 11. va give, III.: ipv
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'414 APPENDIX I2. rudh gi'oir, I. P
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416 APPENDIX Ivadhisam and vadhim,
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418 APPENDIX Ivas bellow, I. P. : p
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420 APPENDIX IIX. : iPF. avrnldhvam
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422 APPENDIX Ivyayasva ;pt. vyayant
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424 APPENDIX IPT. sumbhamana. ao. r
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426 APPENDIX Isagh be equal to, V.
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428 APPENDIX Isu press, V. : pk. su
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480 APPENDIX Isit (B.) ;A. astosi,
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sisvapas432 APPENDIX Isr^dhant. ipf
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484 APPENDIX Ihimsitavya. gd. himsi
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APPENDIX IIVEDIC METRE.1 . The main
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yabhujara438 APPENDIX III. Simple S
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prthivyabrahmai440 APPENDIX IIc. Th
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442 APPENDIX II6. C. The verse of t
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hasoprasastayedratasutavidhemasaciv
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vadniraksasvinahiranyavatpatamasust
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APPENDIX IIITHE VEDIC ACCENT.1. The
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450 APPENDIX IIIp6sam eva div6-dive
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452 APPENDIX III= rathi^m ' ;svar -
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454 APPENDIX IIIthe latter are near
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456 APPENDIX IIIa. The liist member
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468 APPENDIX III/9. The pronoun a i
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460 APPENDIX IIIThe graded conjugat
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462 APPENDIX IIIthan not ;e. g. t6-
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464 APPENDIX IIItav-e to cover up ;
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dosavastar^|abhidrohamrtavrdhav466
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468 APPENDIX IIIa. The first of two
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a-,10VEDIC INDEXThis index contains
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VEDIC INDEX 473antarena, adv. prj).
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VEDIC INDEX 475itara, prn. a, other
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VEDIC INDEX 477©, vowel often chan
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VEDIC INDEX 479148, 3 ; pt., 148, 6
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VEDIC INDEX 481pi., So ; it. ao. up
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VEDIC INDEX 483dagh, reach, rt. ao.
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VEDIC INDEX 485ndkis, inclec. prn.
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VEDIC INDEX 487purutra, adv. in mam
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VEDTC INDEX 489madintara, cpv. more
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i a.VEDIC INDEX 491yajtjoin, pr, sy
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VEDIC INDEX 493va3, f. spvcc/i, 79,
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VEDIC INDEX 495srenisas, adv. in ro
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VEDIC INDEX 497stubh, f. praise, 78
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1GENERAL INDEXTlift abbreviations o
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GENERAL INDEX 50167 a ;of s in nom.
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GENERAL INDEX 503Historical present
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GENERAL INDEX 505Precative 150 168-
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GENERAL INDEX 507Strong stem, in de
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m 3^988PLEASE DO NOT REMOVECARDS OR
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