MacDonnell II - Wilbourhall.org

328 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [205-206tasmad agnicid varsati na dhavet therefore the fire-pilerxvhen it rains (TS.) tim etat pratyayatyam ratrau sayim upatisth.anta;so they approached him in the evening lohen night returned (SB.).should not run2. The genitive absolute is unknown in V., but hasah-eady come into use in B. It arose from the possessivegenitive which acquired an independent syntactical valuewhen accompanied by a (pres. or perf. pass.) participlemuchin the same way as the loc. The substantive is sometimesomitted. Examples are sa :tasya^alabdhasya^vag apacakrama he being sacrificed, this voice departed {iiB.)tasmad;apam taptanam pheno jayate therefore, zvhen tvater is heated,foam arises (SB.) sa eta vipruso 'janayata ya imali;skuyamanasya vipravante he (Agni) produced those sparlswhich dart about when (the fire) is stirred (MS.) tesam; ha^uttisthatam uvaca while these stood up he said (AB.). Inthe firstthree of the above examples the close relationshipof the absolute to the possessive case is still apparent.Participles.206. Participles are of a twofold nature inasmuch asthey share the characteristics of both noun and verb.In form they are adjectives both in inflexion and concord.On the other hand they not only govern cases like the verb,but also indicate differences of voice and generally speakingretain the distinctions of time expressed by the tenses towhich they belong. They are as a rule used appositionallywith substantives, qualifying the main action and equivalentto subordinate clauses. They may thus express a relative,temporal, causal, concessive, final, or hypotheticalsense. The verbal character of participles formed directlyfrom the root (and not from tense stems) is restricted (withcertain exceptions) to the passive voice in sense, and to pastand future time ;while owing to their passive nature theyare not construed with an ace. of the object, Init only withthe inst. of the agent or means.