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yabhujara438 APPENDIX <strong>II</strong>I. Simple Stanzas.2. The Vedic hymns consist chiefly of simple stanzas,that is, of such as are formed of verses which are allmetrically identical. Different stanzas are formed by combiningthree, four, five, or six identical verses. Thefollowing is an account of the various types of verse and ofthe different simple stanzas formed by them.A. Verse of eight syllables. This is a dimeter verseconsisting of two equal members of four syllables each, theopening and the cadence. In the opening the first andthird syllable are indifferent, while the second and fourthare preferably long. When the second is short,the thirdis almost invariably long. In the cadence the rhythm istypically iambic, the first and third syllables being almostalways short, while the second is usually long (thoughit isnot infrequently short also). Thus the prevailing scheme ofthe whole verse is^ — ^— ^-^^^â. Even after every adrdissible vowel restoration a good many versesof this type exhibit the anomaly (which cannot be removed withoutdoing violence to the text) of having one syllable too few ;e. g. tarntua vaydm pito. There are also here a veiy few instances of one oreven two syllables too manye. ; g. agnim ils |yavi stham|!and vayam tad as sambhrtam vasu.\'3. a. The Gayatri .stanza consists of three '"octosyllabicverses ;ê. g.^Next to the Tristubh this is the commonest metre in the RV.,ueai-ly one-fourth of that Sanihita being composed in it ; yet it hasentirely disappeared in Classical Sanskrit. The Avesta has a parallelstanza of 3 x 8 syllables.* The first two Padas of the Gayatri are treated as a hemistich inthe Sanihita text, probably in imitation of the hemistich of theAnustubh and the Tristubh ;but there is no reason to believe that inthe original text the second verse was more sharply divided from thethird than from the first.5By far the commonest variation from the normal type is that inwhich the second syllable of the cadence is short {\j^ ^ ^). Thisoccurs about as often in the first verse of Gayatris as in the secondand third combined.
syasyatnadhatamamnevamtitiesu^'1 1 Ipibat\^^\\iiSIMPLE STANZASi'69agnim ile purohitam — w — ^ ^\\yajnasya de|rtvijam v^ —| |w— ^^|hdtaram ra[ jj |w — ^^||a. A comparatively rare but sufficiently definite varietyof Gayatrl ^ differs from the normal type by having a decidedtrochaic rhythm in the cadence, ^ while the iambic rhythmof the opening is more pronounced than usual ;e. g.tuam no ag mahobhih — v^ — -w —
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A VEDIC GRAMMARFOR STUDENTSBYARTHUR
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PJÊFACEA PRACTICAL Vedic grammar h
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PREFACEVsurvey of Vedic sounds as e
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PKEFACEviiappropriate place within
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PrefaceList of Abbkeviations .Corre
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LISTOF ABBREVIATIONSA. = accusative
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CHAPTEE IPHONETIC INTRODUCTION1. Ve
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3-4] THE VOWELS 3(y) seven cerebral
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4-5] VOWEL GRADATION 5duvo-yu loisl
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6-7] THE CONSONANTS 7The Consonants
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10] NASALS 9initiallj', medially, a
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11] SEMIVOWELS 11b. The semivowel v
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12-14] BREATHING H—SPIRANTS 13Med
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15]PKONUNCIATION 16as containing an
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15] PKONUNCIATION 17Examples are: i
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15] PEONUNCIATION 19as sit,sas oidc
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17-18] EXTEENAL SANDHI 21A. Extei'n
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19-21] EXTERNAL VOWEL SANDIII 23h.
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23-25] ABSENCE OF VOWEL SANDHI 25h.
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27-28] EXTERNAL SANDHI OF CONSONANT
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29-32] EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 29
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'atandrah37-40] EXTERNAL CONSONANT
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41-42] EXTEKNAL CONSONANT SANDHI .
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52-56] EXTEENAL CONSONANT SANDHI 39
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G1-G3] INTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 41
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65] CEREBEALTZATION OF DENTAL N 43k
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66-67] CEREBRALTZATION OF S 45the i
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69-70] DECLENSION 47lengthening a p
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72-74] DECLENSION 49shortened in th
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77] STEMS IN DENTALS 511. Of the st
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78-79] STEMS IN PALATALS 53no neute
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79] STEMS TN PALATALS AND S 55dhrs-
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81-82] STEMS IN H AND R 57anadiit-s
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83] STEMS IN AS 59are accented on t
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'In Latin and Greek the distinction
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85-8G] PEESENT PARTICIPLES 63J). Th
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88-89] COMPARATIVE STEMS IN YAMS 65
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89-90] STEMS IN AN, MAN, VAN G7ok-i
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90] STEMS IN MAN 69the strong forms
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.IKREGULAE2The stem retains the acc
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93] ADJECTIVES IN ANC 73Masculine.S
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95-9(5] FEMININES OF CHANGEABLE STE
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97] STEMS IN A AND A i IThese two d
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97-98] EADICAL A STEMS 79rare that
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'"'tr(sucasucauV. suce98] DERIVATIV
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98-99] IRREGULAR I STEMS 83also som
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99-100] STEMS IN I AND U 85Sing. N.
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100] RADICAL AND DERIVATIVE I STEMS
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'90 DECLENSION [100-101N.A. bhuv-aI
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92 DECLENSION [101strong stem. The
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94 DECLENSION [102-1033. dyo m. f.
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9.6 DECLENSION [10313. In a few exa
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98 DECLENSION [104-105a. The number
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100 DECLENSION [105-106a consonant,
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102 DECLENSION [107of the first fou
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'^104 DECLENSION [109A. Personal Pr
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106 DECLENSION [110
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'108 DECLENSION [111roots i(which n
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110 DECLENSION [112-]13a one, gener
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112 DECLENSION [115-116used as an A
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114 DECLENSION [117-119a. With the
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IIG DECLENSION [120PI. N. visve. G.
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118 CONJUGATION [121-122with three
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120 CONJUGATION [1-25-127A. First C
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122 CONJUGATION [128-129The Augment
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124 CONJUGATION [131Terminations.13
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'^This i combines with the final a
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128 CONJUGATION [132FIRST CONJUGATI
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180
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132 CONJUGATION[132Third Class :bhr
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134 CONJUGATION[132Fifth Class : kr
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IKiG CONJUGATION[132Active.Present.
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\ -138CONJUGATION [132Active.Presen
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140 CONJUGATION [133Irregularities
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142 CONJUGATION [134beginning with
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144 CONJUGATION [134B. Third or Red
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146 CONJUGATION [m-i355. In the imp
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148 CONJUGATION [13Ga. Terminations
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150 CONJUGATION [137tap heut, dabh
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152 CONJUGATION [1384, ni lead :str
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I154 CONJUGATION [139o. vid know io
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156 CONJUGATION [meight occur, are
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158 CONJUGATION [i40-uiyem-ana (^^y
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160 CONJUGATION [141-143Indicative.
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162 CONJUGATION [i432. The subjunct
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164 CONJUGATION [144-/sri); a-hai-t
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166 CONJUGATION [Ii5-146(mra not he
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168 CONJUGATION [W-USIt is almost r
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170 CONJUGATION [usthe endings s an
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172 CONJUGATION [usa. There are als
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174 CONJUGATION[149The following ar
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176 CONJUGATION [150-1511. pi. acti
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178 CONJUGATION [152-154almost limi
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180 CONJUGATION[ir,5-i56'the Samhit
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182 CONJUGATION [157-158jaks-i-vams
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184 CONJUGATIONS [1601. na, which i
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186 CONJUGATION [162162. The Future
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188 CONJUGATION [163in tu which is
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190 CONJUGATION [165-167165. 2. tya
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192 CONJUGATION[i67h. verbal nouns
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194 CONJUGATION[i67always ends in a
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196 CONJUGATION[i68The causative is
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198 CONJUGATION [168-169ksay-5,ya)
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200 CONJUGATION [1715. ghas eat cha
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ja-gam202 CONJUGATION [172-173a. Th
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204 CONJUGATION [1743. Opt. No cert
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206 CONJUGATION [175e. g. jara-ya t
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CHAPTER VINDECLINABLE WORDSPreposit
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210 INDECLINABLE WORDS [177-178(als
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212 INDECLINABLE WORDS [179purva,-t
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214 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180a. In B.
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216 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180for, wit
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218 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [1802. There
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with220 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180it t
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222 INDECLINABLE WORDS [isoh. It al
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224 INDECLINABLE WORDS[180It often
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226 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180why has
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228 INDECLINABLE WORDS[180ca (Gk. r
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230 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180after a
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232 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180rarely,
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234 INDECLINABLE WORDS [i8otii,thou
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I236 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180infinit
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238 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180nu ' or
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240 INDECLINABLE WORDS [iso(= Lat.
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242 INDECLINABLE WOEDS" [180l&d ydt
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244 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180praise t
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ya24^ INDECLINABLE WOKDS [180if he
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248 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180there ar
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250 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180(h. With
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252 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180in the R
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antCHAPTER VINOMINAL STEM FORMATION
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sus-ka256 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [i
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258 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182e.g.
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200 NOMINAL STEM FOEMATION [182(Gk.
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I262 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [is-ika
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264 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182-183
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2()6 VERBAL COMPOUNDS [is4pain arou
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'268 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [185-18(5The
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270 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [1S6-1873. Th
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•''This"'272 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [i
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274 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [187-188
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276 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [iss-iso
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278 NOMINAL STEM FOKMATION [189occu
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280 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [WJadhi-
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282 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [189a. S
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284 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [191and as i
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286 , OUTLINESOF SYNTAX[191most clo
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288 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX {m-mprthivih
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290 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194mitras t
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292 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194-195and
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294 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [195referenc
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29G OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i95relative
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298 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [196THE CASE
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300 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197(TB.) ta
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302 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197and by g
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304 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [198and B. ;
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306 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i99Instrume
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308 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199differen
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310 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199-200the
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312 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200and krud
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314 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200B. The d
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316 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201have rec
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318 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201-202Anal
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320 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2027. In Fj
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322 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [202P. It is
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324 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [203-204vyus
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326 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [204-205to t
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328 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [205-206tasm
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330 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [208-209divi
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332 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [209-210catt
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334 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX[-211crenj po
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386 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211jar^dhya
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338 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211ma no ma
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340 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [212The only
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342 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213na soma
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844 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213loose th
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346 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [•213-214i
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348 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [214-215wUl
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350 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215which wa
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352 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2ir,in whic
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354 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2i5future i
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356 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215nasate s
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358 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215once be
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360 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215-2161rat
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362 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216rta vada
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364 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216verb (op
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366 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2I6a daivya
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368 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [218a. When
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870 APPENDIX Iad eat, II.: pr. admi
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372 APPENDIX Iroot, inda, the is ao
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374 APPENDIX Iroot: arta; arata ;in
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pr.376 APPENDIX ISB. karisyas. co.
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378 APPENDIX IPR. ksiyati; or. ksiy
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380 APPENDIX Iipv. guhata pt.; guha
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882 APPENDIX Icinusva; vt. cinvant;
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384 APPENDIX I(VS.) and ajijipata (
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386 APPENDIX IAo. atayi (B.). pp. t
Page 404 and 405: 388 APPENDIX IPT. dadasvams. pp. da
Page 406 and 407: pr.390 APPENDIX Iadides, adidet. rr
Page 408 and 409: 892 APPENDIX 12. dr a, sleep, II. F
Page 410 and 411: 394 APPENDIX IAo. root : iNJ. dhrth
Page 412 and 413: 396 APPENDIX Inu praise, I. : pk. n
Page 414 and 415: 398 APPENDIX Iipv. pinva ; pinvatam
Page 416 and 417: 400 APPENDIX Ipri p?msr, IX. : pr.
Page 418 and 419: 402 APPENDIX Ibhiks hcf/, I. A. : p
Page 420 and 421: 404 APPENDIX Imamahana. pp. niahita
Page 422 and 423: 406 APPENDIX IAo. sa : amiksat (B.)
Page 424 and 425: 408 , APPENDIX1mrs toudi, VI. : vn.
Page 426 and 427: 410 APPENDIX IJ.thas, yuyota; op. y
Page 428 and 429: 412 APPENDIX 11. va give, III.: ipv
Page 430 and 431: '414 APPENDIX I2. rudh gi'oir, I. P
Page 432 and 433: 416 APPENDIX Ivadhisam and vadhim,
Page 434 and 435: 418 APPENDIX Ivas bellow, I. P. : p
Page 436 and 437: 420 APPENDIX IIX. : iPF. avrnldhvam
Page 438 and 439: 422 APPENDIX Ivyayasva ;pt. vyayant
Page 440 and 441: 424 APPENDIX IPT. sumbhamana. ao. r
Page 442 and 443: 426 APPENDIX Isagh be equal to, V.
Page 444 and 445: 428 APPENDIX Isu press, V. : pk. su
Page 446 and 447: 480 APPENDIX Isit (B.) ;A. astosi,
Page 448 and 449: sisvapas432 APPENDIX Isr^dhant. ipf
Page 450 and 451: 484 APPENDIX Ihimsitavya. gd. himsi
Page 452 and 453: APPENDIX IIVEDIC METRE.1 . The main
Page 456 and 457: prthivyabrahmai440 APPENDIX IIc. Th
Page 458 and 459: 442 APPENDIX II6. C. The verse of t
Page 460 and 461: hasoprasastayedratasutavidhemasaciv
Page 462 and 463: vadniraksasvinahiranyavatpatamasust
Page 464 and 465: APPENDIX IIITHE VEDIC ACCENT.1. The
Page 466 and 467: 450 APPENDIX IIIp6sam eva div6-dive
Page 468 and 469: 452 APPENDIX III= rathi^m ' ;svar -
Page 470 and 471: 454 APPENDIX IIIthe latter are near
Page 472 and 473: 456 APPENDIX IIIa. The liist member
Page 474 and 475: 468 APPENDIX III/9. The pronoun a i
Page 476 and 477: 460 APPENDIX IIIThe graded conjugat
Page 478 and 479: 462 APPENDIX IIIthan not ;e. g. t6-
Page 480 and 481: 464 APPENDIX IIItav-e to cover up ;
Page 482 and 483: dosavastar^|abhidrohamrtavrdhav466
Page 484 and 485: 468 APPENDIX IIIa. The first of two
Page 487 and 488: a-,10VEDIC INDEXThis index contains
Page 489 and 490: VEDIC INDEX 473antarena, adv. prj).
Page 491 and 492: VEDIC INDEX 475itara, prn. a, other
Page 493 and 494: VEDIC INDEX 477©, vowel often chan
Page 495 and 496: VEDIC INDEX 479148, 3 ; pt., 148, 6
Page 497 and 498: VEDIC INDEX 481pi., So ; it. ao. up
Page 499 and 500: VEDIC INDEX 483dagh, reach, rt. ao.
Page 501 and 502: VEDIC INDEX 485ndkis, inclec. prn.
Page 503 and 504: VEDIC INDEX 487purutra, adv. in mam
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VEDTC INDEX 489madintara, cpv. more
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i a.VEDIC INDEX 491yajtjoin, pr, sy
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VEDIC INDEX 493va3, f. spvcc/i, 79,
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VEDIC INDEX 495srenisas, adv. in ro
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VEDIC INDEX 497stubh, f. praise, 78
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1GENERAL INDEXTlift abbreviations o
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GENERAL INDEX 50167 a ;of s in nom.
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GENERAL INDEX 503Historical present
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GENERAL INDEX 505Precative 150 168-
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GENERAL INDEX 507Strong stem, in de
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m 3^988PLEASE DO NOT REMOVECARDS OR
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