MacDonnell II - Wilbourhall.org

with220 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180it tvere=) may he called hrown (SB.) ; rebhati^iva he seems tochatter (AB.) tan na sarva ;iva^abhipra padyeta not exactlyevery one should have access to that (SB.) upari,_^iva vai tad;yad urdhvam nabheh above may he called what is higher thanthe navel (SB.).im (an old enclitic ace. of the pron. root i) occurs in V.only, and is almost restricted to the RV.1. It is generally employed as an ace. sing, of all genders= him, her, it,sometimes even as an ace. du. or pi. It eithertakes the place of a noun, or prepares for a following noun,or is accompanied by other pronouns (tarn, yam, enam,enan) e. ; g. a gachanti^im avasa they come to him with aid(i. 85^^) a^im asiim asave bhara hring him, the swift, to the;swift (i. 4") ;tam im hinvanti dhitayah him devotions impel(i. 144^) ; yad im enan usato abhy avarsit (vii. 103^)when it has rained upon them that longed (for rain).2. im also appears as a generalizing particle with relatives(ivhoever), with yad {whenever), with interrogatives [ivho,pray ?), with kim cana [nothing at all) ;e. g. yd im bhavantiajayah tvJiatever conflicts take place (vii. 32^'^) ;ka im vyaktanarah ivho, pray, are the radiant men? (vii. 56^).u is an enclitic particle, often written u where the metrerequires or favours a long syllable, especially in the secondsyllable of a Pada, before a single consonant. It oftenappears contracted to o (ep. 24) with a preceding a or a(mostly the final of particles or prepositions, also of thepron. esa, sometimes of verbal forms). It has two mainuses in the RV. :1. It is employed deictieally with verbs and pronouns.a. With verbs it expresses the immediate commencementof an action :a present = now, already ;with a pasttense =JMs^; with an imperative, injunctive, or optativeused in an impv. sense = at once ;sii is here very oftenadded, u su being = instantly. When the verb is accompaniedby a preposition, the particle regularly follows the