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214 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180a. In B. ariga never has this meaning; but it sometimes there beginsa sentence with an adhortative sense, accentuating the verb :aiigl, noyajia^m vyac^ksva pra?/ explain the sacrifice to ns (MS.).atra sometimes occurs as the correlative to yad tvhcn ;e. g. visve yad asyam ranayanta devah, pra vo 'tra sumnamasyam ivhen all the gods shall rejoice in it, then may Iohtain your favours.atha, a collateral form of adha, occurs chiefly in the morerecent hymns of the EV., and entirely supplants the olderdoublet in the later Vedas. Connecting sentences andclauses it expresses a temporal or logical sequence. It maygenerally be translated by {and) then, (and) so when there;is a contrast, especially after a negative, it is equivalent tobut. It often corresponds to a yada when or hi since, as, inthe antecedent clause. With very few exceptions atha beginsthe sentence or clause. Examples are : mariidbhir, indra,sakhyam te astu, athema visvah prtana jayasi befriendswith the Maruts, Indra, then thou shalt win all these battles(viii. 96") ;huv6 vam, atha ma (= ma a) gatam / call you,so come to me (viii. 10^) ; yad^d adevir asahista maya,athabhavat kevalah somo asya when he had overcome thegodless iviles. Soma became exclusively his (vii. 98-) makir;makim sam sari k6vate, atharista-nesan, makim risan,bhir a gahi let none be lost, let none suffer harm, none incurfracture in a pit, but come bach, tvith them uninjured (vi. 54").From B. :patim nu me punaryuvanam kurutam, athavam vaksyami make my husband young again, then I shalltellyou (SB.) aham; durg6 hanta^ity, atha kas tvam itiI am called the slayer in danger, but loho are you ? (TS.).a. dtha is also occasionally used after gerunds (which are equivalentto an antecedent clause):sdubhagyam asyai dattvaya^d,tha^_^fistam vipdretana having wished her luck, tlten go home (x. 85^^). This use iscommon in B., where it also occurs after present participles andlocatives absolute.h. ^tha in the sense of also connects substantives, but this userepresents an abridged sentence ; e.g. im6 somaso ddhi turvfifie.
180] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 215y^dau, im.6 kanvesu vam d.tha Uiese Sonia^ are heside Turva.
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A VEDIC GRAMMARFOR STUDENTSBYARTHUR
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PJ^EFACEA PRACTICAL Vedic grammar h
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PREFACEVsurvey of Vedic sounds as e
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PKEFACEviiappropriate place within
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PrefaceList of Abbkeviations .Corre
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LISTOF ABBREVIATIONSA. = accusative
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CHAPTEE IPHONETIC INTRODUCTION1. Ve
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3-4] THE VOWELS 3(y) seven cerebral
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4-5] VOWEL GRADATION 5duvo-yu loisl
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6-7] THE CONSONANTS 7The Consonants
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10] NASALS 9initiallj', medially, a
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11] SEMIVOWELS 11b. The semivowel v
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12-14] BREATHING H—SPIRANTS 13Med
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15]PKONUNCIATION 16as containing an
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15] PKONUNCIATION 17Examples are: i
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15] PEONUNCIATION 19as sit,sas oidc
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17-18] EXTEENAL SANDHI 21A. Extei'n
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19-21] EXTERNAL VOWEL SANDIII 23h.
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23-25] ABSENCE OF VOWEL SANDHI 25h.
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27-28] EXTERNAL SANDHI OF CONSONANT
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29-32] EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 29
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'atandrah37-40] EXTERNAL CONSONANT
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41-42] EXTEKNAL CONSONANT SANDHI .
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52-56] EXTEENAL CONSONANT SANDHI 39
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G1-G3] INTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 41
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65] CEREBEALTZATION OF DENTAL N 43k
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66-67] CEREBRALTZATION OF S 45the i
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69-70] DECLENSION 47lengthening a p
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72-74] DECLENSION 49shortened in th
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77] STEMS IN DENTALS 511. Of the st
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78-79] STEMS IN PALATALS 53no neute
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79] STEMS TN PALATALS AND S 55dhrs-
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81-82] STEMS IN H AND R 57anadiit-s
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83] STEMS IN AS 59are accented on t
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'In Latin and Greek the distinction
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85-8G] PEESENT PARTICIPLES 63J). Th
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88-89] COMPARATIVE STEMS IN YAMS 65
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89-90] STEMS IN AN, MAN, VAN G7ok-i
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90] STEMS IN MAN 69the strong forms
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.IKREGULAE2The stem retains the acc
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93] ADJECTIVES IN ANC 73Masculine.S
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95-9(5] FEMININES OF CHANGEABLE STE
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97] STEMS IN A AND A i IThese two d
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97-98] EADICAL A STEMS 79rare that
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'"'tr(sucasucauV. suce98] DERIVATIV
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98-99] IRREGULAR I STEMS 83also som
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99-100] STEMS IN I AND U 85Sing. N.
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100] RADICAL AND DERIVATIVE I STEMS
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'90 DECLENSION [100-101N.A. bhuv-aI
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92 DECLENSION [101strong stem. The
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94 DECLENSION [102-1033. dyo m. f.
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9.6 DECLENSION [10313. In a few exa
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98 DECLENSION [104-105a. The number
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100 DECLENSION [105-106a consonant,
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102 DECLENSION [107of the first fou
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'^104 DECLENSION [109A. Personal Pr
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106 DECLENSION [110
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'108 DECLENSION [111roots i(which n
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110 DECLENSION [112-]13a one, gener
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112 DECLENSION [115-116used as an A
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114 DECLENSION [117-119a. With the
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IIG DECLENSION [120PI. N. visve. G.
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118 CONJUGATION [121-122with three
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120 CONJUGATION [1-25-127A. First C
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122 CONJUGATION [128-129The Augment
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124 CONJUGATION [131Terminations.13
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'^This i combines with the final a
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128 CONJUGATION [132FIRST CONJUGATI
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180
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132 CONJUGATION[132Third Class :bhr
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134 CONJUGATION[132Fifth Class : kr
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IKiG CONJUGATION[132Active.Present.
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\ -138CONJUGATION [132Active.Presen
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140 CONJUGATION [133Irregularities
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142 CONJUGATION [134beginning with
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144 CONJUGATION [134B. Third or Red
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146 CONJUGATION [m-i355. In the imp
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148 CONJUGATION [13Ga. Terminations
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150 CONJUGATION [137tap heut, dabh
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152 CONJUGATION [1384, ni lead :str
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I154 CONJUGATION [139o. vid know io
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156 CONJUGATION [meight occur, are
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158 CONJUGATION [i40-uiyem-ana (^^y
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160 CONJUGATION [141-143Indicative.
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162 CONJUGATION [i432. The subjunct
Page 180 and 181: 164 CONJUGATION [144-/sri); a-hai-t
Page 182 and 183: 166 CONJUGATION [Ii5-146(mra not he
Page 184 and 185: 168 CONJUGATION [W-USIt is almost r
Page 186 and 187: 170 CONJUGATION [usthe endings s an
Page 188 and 189: 172 CONJUGATION [usa. There are als
Page 190 and 191: 174 CONJUGATION[149The following ar
Page 192 and 193: 176 CONJUGATION [150-1511. pi. acti
Page 194 and 195: 178 CONJUGATION [152-154almost limi
Page 196 and 197: 180 CONJUGATION[ir,5-i56'the Samhit
Page 198 and 199: 182 CONJUGATION [157-158jaks-i-vams
Page 200 and 201: 184 CONJUGATIONS [1601. na, which i
Page 202 and 203: 186 CONJUGATION [162162. The Future
Page 204 and 205: 188 CONJUGATION [163in tu which is
Page 206 and 207: 190 CONJUGATION [165-167165. 2. tya
Page 208 and 209: 192 CONJUGATION[i67h. verbal nouns
Page 210 and 211: 194 CONJUGATION[i67always ends in a
Page 212 and 213: 196 CONJUGATION[i68The causative is
Page 214 and 215: 198 CONJUGATION [168-169ksay-5,ya)
Page 216 and 217: 200 CONJUGATION [1715. ghas eat cha
Page 218 and 219: ja-gam202 CONJUGATION [172-173a. Th
Page 220 and 221: 204 CONJUGATION [1743. Opt. No cert
Page 222 and 223: 206 CONJUGATION [175e. g. jara-ya t
Page 224 and 225: CHAPTER VINDECLINABLE WORDSPreposit
Page 226 and 227: 210 INDECLINABLE WORDS [177-178(als
Page 228 and 229: 212 INDECLINABLE WORDS [179purva,-t
Page 232 and 233: 216 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180for, wit
Page 234 and 235: 218 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [1802. There
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Page 240 and 241: 224 INDECLINABLE WORDS[180It often
Page 242 and 243: 226 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180why has
Page 244 and 245: 228 INDECLINABLE WORDS[180ca (Gk. r
Page 246 and 247: 230 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180after a
Page 248 and 249: 232 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180rarely,
Page 250 and 251: 234 INDECLINABLE WORDS [i8otii,thou
Page 252 and 253: I236 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180infinit
Page 254 and 255: 238 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180nu ' or
Page 256 and 257: 240 INDECLINABLE WORDS [iso(= Lat.
Page 258 and 259: 242 INDECLINABLE WOEDS" [180l&d ydt
Page 260 and 261: 244 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180praise t
Page 262 and 263: ya24^ INDECLINABLE WOKDS [180if he
Page 264 and 265: 248 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180there ar
Page 266 and 267: 250 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180(h. With
Page 268 and 269: 252 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180in the R
Page 270 and 271: antCHAPTER VINOMINAL STEM FORMATION
Page 272 and 273: sus-ka256 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [i
Page 274 and 275: 258 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182e.g.
Page 276 and 277: 200 NOMINAL STEM FOEMATION [182(Gk.
Page 278 and 279: I262 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [is-ika
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264 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182-183
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2()6 VERBAL COMPOUNDS [is4pain arou
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'268 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [185-18(5The
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270 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [1S6-1873. Th
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•''This"'272 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [i
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274 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [187-188
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276 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [iss-iso
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278 NOMINAL STEM FOKMATION [189occu
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280 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [WJadhi-
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282 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [189a. S
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284 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [191and as i
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286 , OUTLINESOF SYNTAX[191most clo
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288 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX {m-mprthivih
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290 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194mitras t
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292 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194-195and
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294 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [195referenc
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29G OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i95relative
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298 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [196THE CASE
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300 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197(TB.) ta
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302 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197and by g
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304 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [198and B. ;
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306 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i99Instrume
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308 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199differen
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310 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199-200the
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312 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200and krud
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314 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200B. The d
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316 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201have rec
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318 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201-202Anal
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320 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2027. In Fj
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322 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [202P. It is
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324 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [203-204vyus
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326 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [204-205to t
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328 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [205-206tasm
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330 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [208-209divi
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332 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [209-210catt
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334 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX[-211crenj po
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386 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211jar^dhya
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338 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211ma no ma
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340 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [212The only
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342 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213na soma
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844 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213loose th
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346 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [•213-214i
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348 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [214-215wUl
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350 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215which wa
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352 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2ir,in whic
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354 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2i5future i
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356 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215nasate s
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358 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215once be
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360 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215-2161rat
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362 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216rta vada
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364 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216verb (op
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366 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2I6a daivya
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368 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [218a. When
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870 APPENDIX Iad eat, II.: pr. admi
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372 APPENDIX Iroot, inda, the is ao
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374 APPENDIX Iroot: arta; arata ;in
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pr.376 APPENDIX ISB. karisyas. co.
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378 APPENDIX IPR. ksiyati; or. ksiy
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380 APPENDIX Iipv. guhata pt.; guha
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882 APPENDIX Icinusva; vt. cinvant;
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384 APPENDIX I(VS.) and ajijipata (
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386 APPENDIX IAo. atayi (B.). pp. t
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388 APPENDIX IPT. dadasvams. pp. da
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pr.390 APPENDIX Iadides, adidet. rr
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892 APPENDIX 12. dr a, sleep, II. F
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394 APPENDIX IAo. root : iNJ. dhrth
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396 APPENDIX Inu praise, I. : pk. n
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398 APPENDIX Iipv. pinva ; pinvatam
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400 APPENDIX Ipri p?msr, IX. : pr.
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402 APPENDIX Ibhiks hcf/, I. A. : p
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404 APPENDIX Imamahana. pp. niahita
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406 APPENDIX IAo. sa : amiksat (B.)
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408 , APPENDIX1mrs toudi, VI. : vn.
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410 APPENDIX IJ.thas, yuyota; op. y
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412 APPENDIX 11. va give, III.: ipv
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'414 APPENDIX I2. rudh gi'oir, I. P
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416 APPENDIX Ivadhisam and vadhim,
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418 APPENDIX Ivas bellow, I. P. : p
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420 APPENDIX IIX. : iPF. avrnldhvam
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422 APPENDIX Ivyayasva ;pt. vyayant
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424 APPENDIX IPT. sumbhamana. ao. r
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426 APPENDIX Isagh be equal to, V.
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428 APPENDIX Isu press, V. : pk. su
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480 APPENDIX Isit (B.) ;A. astosi,
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sisvapas432 APPENDIX Isr^dhant. ipf
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484 APPENDIX Ihimsitavya. gd. himsi
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APPENDIX IIVEDIC METRE.1 . The main
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yabhujara438 APPENDIX III. Simple S
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prthivyabrahmai440 APPENDIX IIc. Th
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442 APPENDIX II6. C. The verse of t
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hasoprasastayedratasutavidhemasaciv
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vadniraksasvinahiranyavatpatamasust
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APPENDIX IIITHE VEDIC ACCENT.1. The
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450 APPENDIX IIIp6sam eva div6-dive
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452 APPENDIX III= rathi^m ' ;svar -
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454 APPENDIX IIIthe latter are near
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456 APPENDIX IIIa. The liist member
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468 APPENDIX III/9. The pronoun a i
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460 APPENDIX IIIThe graded conjugat
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462 APPENDIX IIIthan not ;e. g. t6-
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464 APPENDIX IIItav-e to cover up ;
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dosavastar^|abhidrohamrtavrdhav466
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468 APPENDIX IIIa. The first of two
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a-,10VEDIC INDEXThis index contains
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VEDIC INDEX 473antarena, adv. prj).
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VEDIC INDEX 475itara, prn. a, other
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VEDIC INDEX 477©, vowel often chan
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VEDIC INDEX 479148, 3 ; pt., 148, 6
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VEDIC INDEX 481pi., So ; it. ao. up
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VEDIC INDEX 483dagh, reach, rt. ao.
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VEDIC INDEX 485ndkis, inclec. prn.
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VEDIC INDEX 487purutra, adv. in mam
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VEDTC INDEX 489madintara, cpv. more
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i a.VEDIC INDEX 491yajtjoin, pr, sy
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VEDIC INDEX 493va3, f. spvcc/i, 79,
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VEDIC INDEX 495srenisas, adv. in ro
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VEDIC INDEX 497stubh, f. praise, 78
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1GENERAL INDEXTlift abbreviations o
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GENERAL INDEX 50167 a ;of s in nom.
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GENERAL INDEX 503Historical present
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GENERAL INDEX 505Precative 150 168-
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GENERAL INDEX 507Strong stem, in de
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m 3^988PLEASE DO NOT REMOVECARDS OR
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