MacDonnell II - Wilbourhall.org

306 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i99Instrumental.199. A. The fundamental sense of this case is concomitance,which may variously l)e rendered by with, 1)7/,through, according as it expresses accompaniment, instrumentalityor agency, causality, motion through space orduration of time.1. In its sociative sense the instrumental expresses thecompanion or accompaniment of the svibjeet in any activity ;e. g. dev6 dev^bhir a gamat may the god come with the gods(i. l"*) ;indrena yuja nir apam aubjo arnavam with Indraas thy companion thou dlrlsf release the flood of waters (ii. 23^^^) ;indro no radhasa^a gamat may Indra come to us with ivealth(iv. 55^%a. Similnrly in B. : agnir vasubhir ud akramat Indra departed withthe Vasus (AB.) ; y6na mdntrena juhoti td,d y^juh the spell to the accompanimentof which he offers the oblation is the Yajus (SB.); t^d asyasfi,hasa^aditsantathey tried to takeit from him hy force (TS.).2. In its instrumental sense it exj)ressesthe means(person or thing) by which an action is accomplished ;e. g.vayam indrena sanuyama vajam toe woidd win booty throughIndra (i. 101^^) ;ahan vrtram indro vajrena Indra smoteVrtra with his holt (i.32-^).a. Similarly in B. : k^na virena by whom as champion (SB.); Iirsnabijam haranti they carry corn {imfh =) on tlte head (SB.); tasmaddiksinena h^stena^_^4nnam adyate therefore food is eaten 7cith the righthand (MS.).3. In its causal sense it expressesthe reason or motiveof an action = hy reason of, on account of, for the sahe of;e. g. samasya pitya ... a gatam come hither for the sal-e ofthe Soma draught (i. 46^^) ;asatriir janusa sanad asi thouart hy thy nature tvithout foes from of old (i.102^^).«. Similarly in B. sa bhisa ni lilye he concecded himself through fear:(SB.).; so iiarana hy name.4. In its local sense of through or over it is used with