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viiiPREFACEMr. J. C. Pembiey, Hon. M.A. ,Oriental Reader at theClarendon Press, on having completed the task of readingthe final proofs of this grammar, now all but seventy yearsafter correcting Professor H. H. Wilson's Sanskrit Crrammarin 1847. This is a record in the histoi'y of Oriental, andmost probably of any, professional proof reading for thepress.6 Chadiington Road, Oxtord.March 30, 1916.A. A. MAC DON ELL.
PrefaceList of Abbkeviations .CorrectionsCHAPTER I:CONTENTSPHONETIC INTKODUCTIONPAGESiii-viiixiKelation of Veclic to Sanskrit— Oral tradition andWriting— Sounds of the Vedic Language — Tiie Vowels-^Vowel Gradation —The Consonants— Ancient Pronunciation1-19CHAPTER <strong>II</strong>:EUPHONIC COMBINATIONExternal Sandhi : Combination of Vowels and of Consonants—InternalSandhi : Combination of Vowels and ofConsonants 20-47CHAPTER <strong>II</strong>I:DECLENSIONNouns : Consonant Stems— unchangeable— changeable:with Two Stems; with Three Stems— Vowel Stems—Degrees of Comparison — Numerals : Cardinals ;Ordinals ;Numeral Derivatives—Pronouns: Personal— Demonstrative— Interrogative— Relative — Reflexive — Possessive —Compound — Derivative— Indefinite — Pronominal Adjectives47-117CHAPTER IV:CONJUGATIONIntroductory— The Present System— First Conjugation— Second Conjugation— The Augment—Reduplication-PerfectTerminations — Paradigms— Irregularities ^ The—The Pluperfect -The Aorist : First Aorist ;SecondAorist—Benedictive—The Future: Simple; Periphrasticxii
Page 5 and 6: A VEDIC GRAMMARFOR STUDENTSBYARTHUR
Page 7 and 8: PJ^EFACEA PRACTICAL Vedic grammar h
Page 9 and 10: PREFACEVsurvey of Vedic sounds as e
Page 11: PKEFACEviiappropriate place within
Page 15 and 16: LISTOF ABBREVIATIONSA. = accusative
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTEE IPHONETIC INTRODUCTION1. Ve
Page 19 and 20: 3-4] THE VOWELS 3(y) seven cerebral
Page 21 and 22: 4-5] VOWEL GRADATION 5duvo-yu loisl
Page 23 and 24: 6-7] THE CONSONANTS 7The Consonants
Page 25 and 26: 10] NASALS 9initiallj', medially, a
Page 27 and 28: 11] SEMIVOWELS 11b. The semivowel v
Page 29 and 30: 12-14] BREATHING H—SPIRANTS 13Med
Page 31 and 32: 15]PKONUNCIATION 16as containing an
Page 33 and 34: 15] PKONUNCIATION 17Examples are: i
Page 35 and 36: 15] PEONUNCIATION 19as sit,sas oidc
Page 37 and 38: 17-18] EXTEENAL SANDHI 21A. Extei'n
Page 39 and 40: 19-21] EXTERNAL VOWEL SANDIII 23h.
Page 41 and 42: 23-25] ABSENCE OF VOWEL SANDHI 25h.
Page 43 and 44: 27-28] EXTERNAL SANDHI OF CONSONANT
Page 45 and 46: 29-32] EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 29
Page 47 and 48: 'atandrah37-40] EXTERNAL CONSONANT
Page 49 and 50: 41-42] EXTEKNAL CONSONANT SANDHI .
Page 55 and 56: 52-56] EXTEENAL CONSONANT SANDHI 39
Page 57 and 58: G1-G3] INTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 41
Page 59 and 60: 65] CEREBEALTZATION OF DENTAL N 43k
Page 61 and 62: 66-67] CEREBRALTZATION OF S 45the i
Page 63 and 64:
69-70] DECLENSION 47lengthening a p
Page 65 and 66:
72-74] DECLENSION 49shortened in th
Page 67 and 68:
77] STEMS IN DENTALS 511. Of the st
Page 69 and 70:
78-79] STEMS IN PALATALS 53no neute
Page 71 and 72:
79] STEMS TN PALATALS AND S 55dhrs-
Page 73 and 74:
81-82] STEMS IN H AND R 57anadiit-s
Page 75 and 76:
83] STEMS IN AS 59are accented on t
Page 77 and 78:
'In Latin and Greek the distinction
Page 79 and 80:
85-8G] PEESENT PARTICIPLES 63J). Th
Page 81 and 82:
88-89] COMPARATIVE STEMS IN YAMS 65
Page 83 and 84:
89-90] STEMS IN AN, MAN, VAN G7ok-i
Page 85 and 86:
90] STEMS IN MAN 69the strong forms
Page 87 and 88:
.IKREGULAE2The stem retains the acc
Page 89 and 90:
93] ADJECTIVES IN ANC 73Masculine.S
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95-9(5] FEMININES OF CHANGEABLE STE
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97] STEMS IN A AND A i IThese two d
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97-98] EADICAL A STEMS 79rare that
Page 97 and 98:
'"'tr(sucasucauV. suce98] DERIVATIV
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98-99] IRREGULAR I STEMS 83also som
Page 101 and 102:
99-100] STEMS IN I AND U 85Sing. N.
Page 103:
100] RADICAL AND DERIVATIVE I STEMS
Page 106 and 107:
'90 DECLENSION [100-101N.A. bhuv-aI
Page 108 and 109:
92 DECLENSION [101strong stem. The
Page 110 and 111:
94 DECLENSION [102-1033. dyo m. f.
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9.6 DECLENSION [10313. In a few exa
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98 DECLENSION [104-105a. The number
Page 116 and 117:
100 DECLENSION [105-106a consonant,
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102 DECLENSION [107of the first fou
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'^104 DECLENSION [109A. Personal Pr
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106 DECLENSION [110
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'108 DECLENSION [111roots i(which n
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110 DECLENSION [112-]13a one, gener
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112 DECLENSION [115-116used as an A
Page 130 and 131:
114 DECLENSION [117-119a. With the
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IIG DECLENSION [120PI. N. visve. G.
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118 CONJUGATION [121-122with three
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120 CONJUGATION [1-25-127A. First C
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122 CONJUGATION [128-129The Augment
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124 CONJUGATION [131Terminations.13
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'^This i combines with the final a
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128 CONJUGATION [132FIRST CONJUGATI
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180
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132 CONJUGATION[132Third Class :bhr
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134 CONJUGATION[132Fifth Class : kr
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IKiG CONJUGATION[132Active.Present.
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\ -138CONJUGATION [132Active.Presen
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140 CONJUGATION [133Irregularities
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142 CONJUGATION [134beginning with
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144 CONJUGATION [134B. Third or Red
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146 CONJUGATION [m-i355. In the imp
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148 CONJUGATION [13Ga. Terminations
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150 CONJUGATION [137tap heut, dabh
Page 168 and 169:
152 CONJUGATION [1384, ni lead :str
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I154 CONJUGATION [139o. vid know io
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156 CONJUGATION [meight occur, are
Page 174 and 175:
158 CONJUGATION [i40-uiyem-ana (^^y
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160 CONJUGATION [141-143Indicative.
Page 178 and 179:
162 CONJUGATION [i432. The subjunct
Page 180 and 181:
164 CONJUGATION [144-/sri); a-hai-t
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166 CONJUGATION [Ii5-146(mra not he
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168 CONJUGATION [W-USIt is almost r
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170 CONJUGATION [usthe endings s an
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172 CONJUGATION [usa. There are als
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174 CONJUGATION[149The following ar
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176 CONJUGATION [150-1511. pi. acti
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178 CONJUGATION [152-154almost limi
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180 CONJUGATION[ir,5-i56'the Samhit
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182 CONJUGATION [157-158jaks-i-vams
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184 CONJUGATIONS [1601. na, which i
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186 CONJUGATION [162162. The Future
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188 CONJUGATION [163in tu which is
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190 CONJUGATION [165-167165. 2. tya
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192 CONJUGATION[i67h. verbal nouns
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194 CONJUGATION[i67always ends in a
Page 212 and 213:
196 CONJUGATION[i68The causative is
Page 214 and 215:
198 CONJUGATION [168-169ksay-5,ya)
Page 216 and 217:
200 CONJUGATION [1715. ghas eat cha
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ja-gam202 CONJUGATION [172-173a. Th
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204 CONJUGATION [1743. Opt. No cert
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206 CONJUGATION [175e. g. jara-ya t
Page 224 and 225:
CHAPTER VINDECLINABLE WORDSPreposit
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210 INDECLINABLE WORDS [177-178(als
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212 INDECLINABLE WORDS [179purva,-t
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214 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180a. In B.
Page 232 and 233:
216 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180for, wit
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218 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [1802. There
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with220 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180it t
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222 INDECLINABLE WORDS [isoh. It al
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224 INDECLINABLE WORDS[180It often
Page 242 and 243:
226 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180why has
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228 INDECLINABLE WORDS[180ca (Gk. r
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230 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180after a
Page 248 and 249:
232 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180rarely,
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234 INDECLINABLE WORDS [i8otii,thou
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I236 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180infinit
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238 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180nu ' or
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240 INDECLINABLE WORDS [iso(= Lat.
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242 INDECLINABLE WOEDS" [180l&d ydt
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244 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180praise t
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ya24^ INDECLINABLE WOKDS [180if he
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248 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180there ar
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250 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180(h. With
Page 268 and 269:
252 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180in the R
Page 270 and 271:
antCHAPTER VINOMINAL STEM FORMATION
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sus-ka256 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [i
Page 274 and 275:
258 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182e.g.
Page 276 and 277:
200 NOMINAL STEM FOEMATION [182(Gk.
Page 278 and 279:
I262 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [is-ika
Page 280 and 281:
264 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182-183
Page 282 and 283:
2()6 VERBAL COMPOUNDS [is4pain arou
Page 284 and 285:
'268 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [185-18(5The
Page 286 and 287:
270 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [1S6-1873. Th
Page 288 and 289:
•''This"'272 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [i
Page 290 and 291:
274 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [187-188
Page 292 and 293:
276 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [iss-iso
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278 NOMINAL STEM FOKMATION [189occu
Page 296 and 297:
280 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [WJadhi-
Page 298 and 299:
282 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [189a. S
Page 300 and 301:
284 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [191and as i
Page 302 and 303:
286 , OUTLINESOF SYNTAX[191most clo
Page 304 and 305:
288 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX {m-mprthivih
Page 306 and 307:
290 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194mitras t
Page 308 and 309:
292 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194-195and
Page 310 and 311:
294 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [195referenc
Page 312 and 313:
29G OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i95relative
Page 314 and 315:
298 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [196THE CASE
Page 316 and 317:
300 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197(TB.) ta
Page 318 and 319:
302 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197and by g
Page 320 and 321:
304 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [198and B. ;
Page 322 and 323:
306 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i99Instrume
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308 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199differen
Page 326 and 327:
310 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199-200the
Page 328 and 329:
312 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200and krud
Page 330 and 331:
314 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200B. The d
Page 332 and 333:
316 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201have rec
Page 334 and 335:
318 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201-202Anal
Page 336 and 337:
320 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2027. In Fj
Page 338 and 339:
322 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [202P. It is
Page 340 and 341:
324 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [203-204vyus
Page 342 and 343:
326 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [204-205to t
Page 344 and 345:
328 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [205-206tasm
Page 346 and 347:
330 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [208-209divi
Page 348 and 349:
332 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [209-210catt
Page 350 and 351:
334 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX[-211crenj po
Page 352 and 353:
386 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211jar^dhya
Page 354 and 355:
338 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211ma no ma
Page 356 and 357:
340 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [212The only
Page 358 and 359:
342 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213na soma
Page 360 and 361:
844 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213loose th
Page 362 and 363:
346 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [•213-214i
Page 364 and 365:
348 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [214-215wUl
Page 366 and 367:
350 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215which wa
Page 368 and 369:
352 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2ir,in whic
Page 370 and 371:
354 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2i5future i
Page 372 and 373:
356 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215nasate s
Page 374 and 375:
358 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215once be
Page 376 and 377:
360 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215-2161rat
Page 378 and 379:
362 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216rta vada
Page 380 and 381:
364 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216verb (op
Page 382 and 383:
366 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2I6a daivya
Page 384 and 385:
368 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [218a. When
Page 386 and 387:
870 APPENDIX Iad eat, II.: pr. admi
Page 388 and 389:
372 APPENDIX Iroot, inda, the is ao
Page 390 and 391:
374 APPENDIX Iroot: arta; arata ;in
Page 392 and 393:
pr.376 APPENDIX ISB. karisyas. co.
Page 394 and 395:
378 APPENDIX IPR. ksiyati; or. ksiy
Page 396 and 397:
380 APPENDIX Iipv. guhata pt.; guha
Page 398 and 399:
882 APPENDIX Icinusva; vt. cinvant;
Page 400 and 401:
384 APPENDIX I(VS.) and ajijipata (
Page 402 and 403:
386 APPENDIX IAo. atayi (B.). pp. t
Page 404 and 405:
388 APPENDIX IPT. dadasvams. pp. da
Page 406 and 407:
pr.390 APPENDIX Iadides, adidet. rr
Page 408 and 409:
892 APPENDIX 12. dr a, sleep, II. F
Page 410 and 411:
394 APPENDIX IAo. root : iNJ. dhrth
Page 412 and 413:
396 APPENDIX Inu praise, I. : pk. n
Page 414 and 415:
398 APPENDIX Iipv. pinva ; pinvatam
Page 416 and 417:
400 APPENDIX Ipri p?msr, IX. : pr.
Page 418 and 419:
402 APPENDIX Ibhiks hcf/, I. A. : p
Page 420 and 421:
404 APPENDIX Imamahana. pp. niahita
Page 422 and 423:
406 APPENDIX IAo. sa : amiksat (B.)
Page 424 and 425:
408 , APPENDIX1mrs toudi, VI. : vn.
Page 426 and 427:
410 APPENDIX IJ.thas, yuyota; op. y
Page 428 and 429:
412 APPENDIX 11. va give, III.: ipv
Page 430 and 431:
'414 APPENDIX I2. rudh gi'oir, I. P
Page 432 and 433:
416 APPENDIX Ivadhisam and vadhim,
Page 434 and 435:
418 APPENDIX Ivas bellow, I. P. : p
Page 436 and 437:
420 APPENDIX IIX. : iPF. avrnldhvam
Page 438 and 439:
422 APPENDIX Ivyayasva ;pt. vyayant
Page 440 and 441:
424 APPENDIX IPT. sumbhamana. ao. r
Page 442 and 443:
426 APPENDIX Isagh be equal to, V.
Page 444 and 445:
428 APPENDIX Isu press, V. : pk. su
Page 446 and 447:
480 APPENDIX Isit (B.) ;A. astosi,
Page 448 and 449:
sisvapas432 APPENDIX Isr^dhant. ipf
Page 450 and 451:
484 APPENDIX Ihimsitavya. gd. himsi
Page 452 and 453:
APPENDIX IIVEDIC METRE.1 . The main
Page 454 and 455:
yabhujara438 APPENDIX III. Simple S
Page 456 and 457:
prthivyabrahmai440 APPENDIX IIc. Th
Page 458 and 459:
442 APPENDIX II6. C. The verse of t
Page 460 and 461:
hasoprasastayedratasutavidhemasaciv
Page 462 and 463:
vadniraksasvinahiranyavatpatamasust
Page 464 and 465:
APPENDIX IIITHE VEDIC ACCENT.1. The
Page 466 and 467:
450 APPENDIX IIIp6sam eva div6-dive
Page 468 and 469:
452 APPENDIX III= rathi^m ' ;svar -
Page 470 and 471:
454 APPENDIX IIIthe latter are near
Page 472 and 473:
456 APPENDIX IIIa. The liist member
Page 474 and 475:
468 APPENDIX III/9. The pronoun a i
Page 476 and 477:
460 APPENDIX IIIThe graded conjugat
Page 478 and 479:
462 APPENDIX IIIthan not ;e. g. t6-
Page 480 and 481:
464 APPENDIX IIItav-e to cover up ;
Page 482 and 483:
dosavastar^|abhidrohamrtavrdhav466
Page 484 and 485:
468 APPENDIX IIIa. The first of two
Page 487 and 488:
a-,10VEDIC INDEXThis index contains
Page 489 and 490:
VEDIC INDEX 473antarena, adv. prj).
Page 491 and 492:
VEDIC INDEX 475itara, prn. a, other
Page 493 and 494:
VEDIC INDEX 477©, vowel often chan
Page 495 and 496:
VEDIC INDEX 479148, 3 ; pt., 148, 6
Page 497 and 498:
VEDIC INDEX 481pi., So ; it. ao. up
Page 499 and 500:
VEDIC INDEX 483dagh, reach, rt. ao.
Page 501 and 502:
VEDIC INDEX 485ndkis, inclec. prn.
Page 503 and 504:
VEDIC INDEX 487purutra, adv. in mam
Page 505 and 506:
VEDTC INDEX 489madintara, cpv. more
Page 507 and 508:
i a.VEDIC INDEX 491yajtjoin, pr, sy
Page 509 and 510:
VEDIC INDEX 493va3, f. spvcc/i, 79,
Page 511 and 512:
VEDIC INDEX 495srenisas, adv. in ro
Page 513 and 514:
VEDIC INDEX 497stubh, f. praise, 78
Page 515 and 516:
1GENERAL INDEXTlift abbreviations o
Page 517 and 518:
GENERAL INDEX 50167 a ;of s in nom.
Page 519 and 520:
GENERAL INDEX 503Historical present
Page 521 and 522:
GENERAL INDEX 505Precative 150 168-
Page 523 and 524:
GENERAL INDEX 507Strong stem, in de
Page 527:
m 3^988PLEASE DO NOT REMOVECARDS OR
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