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282 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [189a. Substantives: ahar-ahar/ div6-dive,^ dyavi-dyaviever}/ day, masi-masi mo7ith after month ; grh6-grhe, damedame,vise- vise"- in cvenj Jwuse ; angad-angat /rom everylimb ;diso-disah (AV.) from evert/ qttarfer ; yajnasya-yajnasyaof ever!/ sacrifice ; parvani-parvani in cveru joint ;agnim-agnim (duvasyata), {ivorship) Agni again and again ;annam-annam {AN.) food in perpeiiiitg.h. Adjectives: panyam-panyam somam Soma who . . isagain and again to be praised ; pracim-pracim pradisameach eastern direction ;uttaram-uttaram samam (AV.) eachfolio tcing gear.c. Pronouns :tvam-tvamaharyathah thou didst everrejoice; yad-yad yami whatever I asJc ;tat-tad . . dadhe /
CHAPTER V<strong>II</strong>OUTLINES OF SYNTAX190. Having in the preceding parts of the presentgrammar dealt with single words in their phonetic, theirderivative, and their inflexional aspects, we now turn totheir treatment in syntax, which regards their arrangementand mutual meaning when they are combined to form asentence, which is the expression of a connected and definiteunit of thought. The parts of which the sentence mayconsist are either inflected words : the noun (substantiveand adjective) and the verb, the participle which shares thenature of both, and the pronoun ;or uninflected words :prepositions, adverbs, and conjunctions. A comparison ofthe syntax of the RV. with that of classical Sanskrit shows(1) that the use of the middle voice, the tenses, the moods,the inflected participles, the infinitives, and the genuineprepositions is much fuller and more living in the former,while (2) that of the passive voice and of indeclinable participlesis much less developed, that of absolute cases and ofadverbial prepositions with case-endings is only incipient,and that of periphrastic vei'bal forms is non-existent. Thelater Samhitas and the Brahmanas exhibit a gradual transitionby restriction or loss in the former group and by growth inthe latter to the condition of things prevailing in classicalSanskrit.The Order of Words.191. Since metrical considerations largely interfere withthe ordinary position of words in the Samhitas, the normalorder is best represented by the prose of the Brahmanas,
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A VEDIC GRAMMARFOR STUDENTSBYARTHUR
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PJ^EFACEA PRACTICAL Vedic grammar h
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PREFACEVsurvey of Vedic sounds as e
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PKEFACEviiappropriate place within
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PrefaceList of Abbkeviations .Corre
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LISTOF ABBREVIATIONSA. = accusative
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CHAPTEE IPHONETIC INTRODUCTION1. Ve
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3-4] THE VOWELS 3(y) seven cerebral
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4-5] VOWEL GRADATION 5duvo-yu loisl
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6-7] THE CONSONANTS 7The Consonants
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10] NASALS 9initiallj', medially, a
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11] SEMIVOWELS 11b. The semivowel v
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12-14] BREATHING H—SPIRANTS 13Med
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15]PKONUNCIATION 16as containing an
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15] PKONUNCIATION 17Examples are: i
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15] PEONUNCIATION 19as sit,sas oidc
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17-18] EXTEENAL SANDHI 21A. Extei'n
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19-21] EXTERNAL VOWEL SANDIII 23h.
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23-25] ABSENCE OF VOWEL SANDHI 25h.
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27-28] EXTERNAL SANDHI OF CONSONANT
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29-32] EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 29
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'atandrah37-40] EXTERNAL CONSONANT
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41-42] EXTEKNAL CONSONANT SANDHI .
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52-56] EXTEENAL CONSONANT SANDHI 39
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G1-G3] INTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 41
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65] CEREBEALTZATION OF DENTAL N 43k
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66-67] CEREBRALTZATION OF S 45the i
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69-70] DECLENSION 47lengthening a p
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72-74] DECLENSION 49shortened in th
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77] STEMS IN DENTALS 511. Of the st
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78-79] STEMS IN PALATALS 53no neute
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79] STEMS TN PALATALS AND S 55dhrs-
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81-82] STEMS IN H AND R 57anadiit-s
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83] STEMS IN AS 59are accented on t
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'In Latin and Greek the distinction
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85-8G] PEESENT PARTICIPLES 63J). Th
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88-89] COMPARATIVE STEMS IN YAMS 65
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89-90] STEMS IN AN, MAN, VAN G7ok-i
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90] STEMS IN MAN 69the strong forms
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.IKREGULAE2The stem retains the acc
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93] ADJECTIVES IN ANC 73Masculine.S
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95-9(5] FEMININES OF CHANGEABLE STE
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97] STEMS IN A AND A i IThese two d
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97-98] EADICAL A STEMS 79rare that
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'"'tr(sucasucauV. suce98] DERIVATIV
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98-99] IRREGULAR I STEMS 83also som
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99-100] STEMS IN I AND U 85Sing. N.
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100] RADICAL AND DERIVATIVE I STEMS
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'90 DECLENSION [100-101N.A. bhuv-aI
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92 DECLENSION [101strong stem. The
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94 DECLENSION [102-1033. dyo m. f.
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9.6 DECLENSION [10313. In a few exa
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98 DECLENSION [104-105a. The number
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100 DECLENSION [105-106a consonant,
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102 DECLENSION [107of the first fou
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'^104 DECLENSION [109A. Personal Pr
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106 DECLENSION [110
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'108 DECLENSION [111roots i(which n
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110 DECLENSION [112-]13a one, gener
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112 DECLENSION [115-116used as an A
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114 DECLENSION [117-119a. With the
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IIG DECLENSION [120PI. N. visve. G.
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118 CONJUGATION [121-122with three
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120 CONJUGATION [1-25-127A. First C
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122 CONJUGATION [128-129The Augment
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124 CONJUGATION [131Terminations.13
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'^This i combines with the final a
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128 CONJUGATION [132FIRST CONJUGATI
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180
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132 CONJUGATION[132Third Class :bhr
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134 CONJUGATION[132Fifth Class : kr
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IKiG CONJUGATION[132Active.Present.
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\ -138CONJUGATION [132Active.Presen
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140 CONJUGATION [133Irregularities
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142 CONJUGATION [134beginning with
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144 CONJUGATION [134B. Third or Red
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146 CONJUGATION [m-i355. In the imp
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148 CONJUGATION [13Ga. Terminations
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150 CONJUGATION [137tap heut, dabh
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152 CONJUGATION [1384, ni lead :str
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I154 CONJUGATION [139o. vid know io
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156 CONJUGATION [meight occur, are
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158 CONJUGATION [i40-uiyem-ana (^^y
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160 CONJUGATION [141-143Indicative.
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162 CONJUGATION [i432. The subjunct
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164 CONJUGATION [144-/sri); a-hai-t
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166 CONJUGATION [Ii5-146(mra not he
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168 CONJUGATION [W-USIt is almost r
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170 CONJUGATION [usthe endings s an
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172 CONJUGATION [usa. There are als
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174 CONJUGATION[149The following ar
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176 CONJUGATION [150-1511. pi. acti
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178 CONJUGATION [152-154almost limi
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180 CONJUGATION[ir,5-i56'the Samhit
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182 CONJUGATION [157-158jaks-i-vams
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184 CONJUGATIONS [1601. na, which i
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186 CONJUGATION [162162. The Future
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188 CONJUGATION [163in tu which is
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190 CONJUGATION [165-167165. 2. tya
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192 CONJUGATION[i67h. verbal nouns
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194 CONJUGATION[i67always ends in a
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196 CONJUGATION[i68The causative is
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198 CONJUGATION [168-169ksay-5,ya)
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200 CONJUGATION [1715. ghas eat cha
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ja-gam202 CONJUGATION [172-173a. Th
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204 CONJUGATION [1743. Opt. No cert
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206 CONJUGATION [175e. g. jara-ya t
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CHAPTER VINDECLINABLE WORDSPreposit
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210 INDECLINABLE WORDS [177-178(als
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212 INDECLINABLE WORDS [179purva,-t
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214 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180a. In B.
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216 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180for, wit
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218 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [1802. There
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with220 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180it t
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222 INDECLINABLE WORDS [isoh. It al
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224 INDECLINABLE WORDS[180It often
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226 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180why has
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228 INDECLINABLE WORDS[180ca (Gk. r
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230 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180after a
Page 248 and 249: 232 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180rarely,
Page 250 and 251: 234 INDECLINABLE WORDS [i8otii,thou
Page 252 and 253: I236 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180infinit
Page 254 and 255: 238 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180nu ' or
Page 256 and 257: 240 INDECLINABLE WORDS [iso(= Lat.
Page 258 and 259: 242 INDECLINABLE WOEDS" [180l&d ydt
Page 260 and 261: 244 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180praise t
Page 262 and 263: ya24^ INDECLINABLE WOKDS [180if he
Page 264 and 265: 248 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180there ar
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Page 270 and 271: antCHAPTER VINOMINAL STEM FORMATION
Page 272 and 273: sus-ka256 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [i
Page 274 and 275: 258 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182e.g.
Page 276 and 277: 200 NOMINAL STEM FOEMATION [182(Gk.
Page 278 and 279: I262 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [is-ika
Page 280 and 281: 264 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182-183
Page 282 and 283: 2()6 VERBAL COMPOUNDS [is4pain arou
Page 284 and 285: '268 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [185-18(5The
Page 286 and 287: 270 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [1S6-1873. Th
Page 288 and 289: •''This"'272 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [i
Page 290 and 291: 274 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [187-188
Page 292 and 293: 276 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [iss-iso
Page 294 and 295: 278 NOMINAL STEM FOKMATION [189occu
Page 296 and 297: 280 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [WJadhi-
Page 300 and 301: 284 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [191and as i
Page 302 and 303: 286 , OUTLINESOF SYNTAX[191most clo
Page 304 and 305: 288 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX {m-mprthivih
Page 306 and 307: 290 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194mitras t
Page 308 and 309: 292 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194-195and
Page 310 and 311: 294 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [195referenc
Page 312 and 313: 29G OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i95relative
Page 314 and 315: 298 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [196THE CASE
Page 316 and 317: 300 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197(TB.) ta
Page 318 and 319: 302 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197and by g
Page 320 and 321: 304 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [198and B. ;
Page 322 and 323: 306 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i99Instrume
Page 324 and 325: 308 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199differen
Page 326 and 327: 310 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199-200the
Page 328 and 329: 312 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200and krud
Page 330 and 331: 314 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200B. The d
Page 332 and 333: 316 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201have rec
Page 334 and 335: 318 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201-202Anal
Page 336 and 337: 320 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2027. In Fj
Page 338 and 339: 322 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [202P. It is
Page 340 and 341: 324 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [203-204vyus
Page 342 and 343: 326 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [204-205to t
Page 344 and 345: 328 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [205-206tasm
Page 346 and 347: 330 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [208-209divi
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332 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [209-210catt
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334 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX[-211crenj po
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386 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211jar^dhya
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338 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211ma no ma
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340 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [212The only
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342 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213na soma
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844 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213loose th
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346 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [•213-214i
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348 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [214-215wUl
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350 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215which wa
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352 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2ir,in whic
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354 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2i5future i
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356 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215nasate s
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358 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215once be
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360 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215-2161rat
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362 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216rta vada
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364 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216verb (op
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366 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2I6a daivya
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368 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [218a. When
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870 APPENDIX Iad eat, II.: pr. admi
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372 APPENDIX Iroot, inda, the is ao
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374 APPENDIX Iroot: arta; arata ;in
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pr.376 APPENDIX ISB. karisyas. co.
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378 APPENDIX IPR. ksiyati; or. ksiy
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380 APPENDIX Iipv. guhata pt.; guha
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882 APPENDIX Icinusva; vt. cinvant;
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384 APPENDIX I(VS.) and ajijipata (
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386 APPENDIX IAo. atayi (B.). pp. t
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388 APPENDIX IPT. dadasvams. pp. da
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pr.390 APPENDIX Iadides, adidet. rr
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892 APPENDIX 12. dr a, sleep, II. F
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394 APPENDIX IAo. root : iNJ. dhrth
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396 APPENDIX Inu praise, I. : pk. n
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398 APPENDIX Iipv. pinva ; pinvatam
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400 APPENDIX Ipri p?msr, IX. : pr.
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402 APPENDIX Ibhiks hcf/, I. A. : p
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404 APPENDIX Imamahana. pp. niahita
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406 APPENDIX IAo. sa : amiksat (B.)
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408 , APPENDIX1mrs toudi, VI. : vn.
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410 APPENDIX IJ.thas, yuyota; op. y
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412 APPENDIX 11. va give, III.: ipv
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'414 APPENDIX I2. rudh gi'oir, I. P
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416 APPENDIX Ivadhisam and vadhim,
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418 APPENDIX Ivas bellow, I. P. : p
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420 APPENDIX IIX. : iPF. avrnldhvam
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422 APPENDIX Ivyayasva ;pt. vyayant
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424 APPENDIX IPT. sumbhamana. ao. r
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426 APPENDIX Isagh be equal to, V.
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428 APPENDIX Isu press, V. : pk. su
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480 APPENDIX Isit (B.) ;A. astosi,
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sisvapas432 APPENDIX Isr^dhant. ipf
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484 APPENDIX Ihimsitavya. gd. himsi
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APPENDIX IIVEDIC METRE.1 . The main
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yabhujara438 APPENDIX III. Simple S
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prthivyabrahmai440 APPENDIX IIc. Th
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442 APPENDIX II6. C. The verse of t
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hasoprasastayedratasutavidhemasaciv
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vadniraksasvinahiranyavatpatamasust
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APPENDIX IIITHE VEDIC ACCENT.1. The
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450 APPENDIX IIIp6sam eva div6-dive
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452 APPENDIX III= rathi^m ' ;svar -
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454 APPENDIX IIIthe latter are near
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456 APPENDIX IIIa. The liist member
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468 APPENDIX III/9. The pronoun a i
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460 APPENDIX IIIThe graded conjugat
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462 APPENDIX IIIthan not ;e. g. t6-
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464 APPENDIX IIItav-e to cover up ;
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dosavastar^|abhidrohamrtavrdhav466
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468 APPENDIX IIIa. The first of two
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a-,10VEDIC INDEXThis index contains
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VEDIC INDEX 473antarena, adv. prj).
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VEDIC INDEX 475itara, prn. a, other
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VEDIC INDEX 477©, vowel often chan
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VEDIC INDEX 479148, 3 ; pt., 148, 6
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VEDIC INDEX 481pi., So ; it. ao. up
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VEDIC INDEX 483dagh, reach, rt. ao.
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VEDIC INDEX 485ndkis, inclec. prn.
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VEDIC INDEX 487purutra, adv. in mam
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VEDTC INDEX 489madintara, cpv. more
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i a.VEDIC INDEX 491yajtjoin, pr, sy
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VEDIC INDEX 493va3, f. spvcc/i, 79,
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VEDIC INDEX 495srenisas, adv. in ro
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VEDIC INDEX 497stubh, f. praise, 78
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1GENERAL INDEXTlift abbreviations o
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GENERAL INDEX 50167 a ;of s in nom.
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GENERAL INDEX 503Historical present
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GENERAL INDEX 505Precative 150 168-
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GENERAL INDEX 507Strong stem, in de
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m 3^988PLEASE DO NOT REMOVECARDS OR
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