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442 APPENDIX <strong>II</strong>6. C. The verse of twelve syllables isprobably anextension ^ of the Tristubh verse by one syllable which givesthe trochaic cadence of the latter an iambic character. ^The rhythm of the last five syllables is therefore - ^ - v^ ^.The added syllable being the only point of difference, thescheme of the whole verse is :- _ -{a)_, ^ ^ _or
•^asvammahuvepusn6indrayaturanamkratumTHE JAGATI STANZA 443The Dvipada Viraj stanza^ consists of four such versesdivided into two hemistichs ;^ e. g.pari pra dhanva]svadur mitraya[soma|bhagaya\\a. Owing to the identity of the cadence a Dvipadahemistich ''not infrequently interchanges in the same stanza*with a Ti'istubh verse ;•e. g.priya vo nama|"'a yat trpan, maruto]vavasanah Hb. Tlie mixture of Dvipada hemistichs with Tristubhverses led to an entire hymn (iv. 10) being composed in apeculiar metre consisting of three pentasyllable verses'followed by a Tristubh ;e. g.agne tarn|adya na stomaih na bhadram||hrdisprsam, rdhia ^ ta ohaihj ||<strong>II</strong>. Mixed Stanzas.9. The only different verses normally used in combinationto form a stanza are the Gayatrl and the Jagatl. Theprincipal metres thus formed are the following :a. Stanzas of 28 syllables consisting of three verses, thelirst two of which are treated as a hemistich :1 Tills stanza is somewhat rare, occumng in the RV. not nuicli moretlian a hundi-ed times.-The otherwise universal rule that the end of a verse must coincidewith the end of a word is three times ignored in this metre (at theend of the first and third verses).3With this metre compare the defective Tristubh verse of tensyllables (4 a).*This interchange occurs especially in RV. vii. 34 and 56.^Here the verb, though the first word of the verse (App. Ill, 19 b),is unaccented. This is because the end of the first and the thirdverse in this metre has a tendency to bo treated like a caesura ratherthan a division of the stanza. Cp. note 2.These three verses are treated as a hemistich in the Samhita text."^The verb is accented because in the Samhita text it is treated asthe first word of a separate verse.
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A VEDIC GRAMMARFOR STUDENTSBYARTHUR
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PJ^EFACEA PRACTICAL Vedic grammar h
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PREFACEVsurvey of Vedic sounds as e
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PKEFACEviiappropriate place within
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PrefaceList of Abbkeviations .Corre
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LISTOF ABBREVIATIONSA. = accusative
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CHAPTEE IPHONETIC INTRODUCTION1. Ve
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3-4] THE VOWELS 3(y) seven cerebral
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4-5] VOWEL GRADATION 5duvo-yu loisl
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6-7] THE CONSONANTS 7The Consonants
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10] NASALS 9initiallj', medially, a
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11] SEMIVOWELS 11b. The semivowel v
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12-14] BREATHING H—SPIRANTS 13Med
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15]PKONUNCIATION 16as containing an
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15] PKONUNCIATION 17Examples are: i
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15] PEONUNCIATION 19as sit,sas oidc
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17-18] EXTEENAL SANDHI 21A. Extei'n
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19-21] EXTERNAL VOWEL SANDIII 23h.
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23-25] ABSENCE OF VOWEL SANDHI 25h.
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27-28] EXTERNAL SANDHI OF CONSONANT
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29-32] EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 29
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'atandrah37-40] EXTERNAL CONSONANT
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41-42] EXTEKNAL CONSONANT SANDHI .
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52-56] EXTEENAL CONSONANT SANDHI 39
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G1-G3] INTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 41
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65] CEREBEALTZATION OF DENTAL N 43k
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66-67] CEREBRALTZATION OF S 45the i
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69-70] DECLENSION 47lengthening a p
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72-74] DECLENSION 49shortened in th
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77] STEMS IN DENTALS 511. Of the st
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78-79] STEMS IN PALATALS 53no neute
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79] STEMS TN PALATALS AND S 55dhrs-
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81-82] STEMS IN H AND R 57anadiit-s
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83] STEMS IN AS 59are accented on t
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'In Latin and Greek the distinction
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85-8G] PEESENT PARTICIPLES 63J). Th
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88-89] COMPARATIVE STEMS IN YAMS 65
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89-90] STEMS IN AN, MAN, VAN G7ok-i
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90] STEMS IN MAN 69the strong forms
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.IKREGULAE2The stem retains the acc
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93] ADJECTIVES IN ANC 73Masculine.S
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95-9(5] FEMININES OF CHANGEABLE STE
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97] STEMS IN A AND A i IThese two d
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97-98] EADICAL A STEMS 79rare that
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'"'tr(sucasucauV. suce98] DERIVATIV
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98-99] IRREGULAR I STEMS 83also som
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99-100] STEMS IN I AND U 85Sing. N.
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100] RADICAL AND DERIVATIVE I STEMS
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'90 DECLENSION [100-101N.A. bhuv-aI
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92 DECLENSION [101strong stem. The
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94 DECLENSION [102-1033. dyo m. f.
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9.6 DECLENSION [10313. In a few exa
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98 DECLENSION [104-105a. The number
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100 DECLENSION [105-106a consonant,
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102 DECLENSION [107of the first fou
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'^104 DECLENSION [109A. Personal Pr
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106 DECLENSION [110
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'108 DECLENSION [111roots i(which n
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110 DECLENSION [112-]13a one, gener
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112 DECLENSION [115-116used as an A
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114 DECLENSION [117-119a. With the
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IIG DECLENSION [120PI. N. visve. G.
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118 CONJUGATION [121-122with three
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120 CONJUGATION [1-25-127A. First C
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122 CONJUGATION [128-129The Augment
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124 CONJUGATION [131Terminations.13
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'^This i combines with the final a
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128 CONJUGATION [132FIRST CONJUGATI
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180
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132 CONJUGATION[132Third Class :bhr
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134 CONJUGATION[132Fifth Class : kr
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IKiG CONJUGATION[132Active.Present.
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\ -138CONJUGATION [132Active.Presen
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140 CONJUGATION [133Irregularities
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142 CONJUGATION [134beginning with
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144 CONJUGATION [134B. Third or Red
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146 CONJUGATION [m-i355. In the imp
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148 CONJUGATION [13Ga. Terminations
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150 CONJUGATION [137tap heut, dabh
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152 CONJUGATION [1384, ni lead :str
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I154 CONJUGATION [139o. vid know io
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156 CONJUGATION [meight occur, are
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158 CONJUGATION [i40-uiyem-ana (^^y
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160 CONJUGATION [141-143Indicative.
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162 CONJUGATION [i432. The subjunct
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164 CONJUGATION [144-/sri); a-hai-t
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166 CONJUGATION [Ii5-146(mra not he
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168 CONJUGATION [W-USIt is almost r
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170 CONJUGATION [usthe endings s an
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172 CONJUGATION [usa. There are als
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174 CONJUGATION[149The following ar
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176 CONJUGATION [150-1511. pi. acti
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178 CONJUGATION [152-154almost limi
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180 CONJUGATION[ir,5-i56'the Samhit
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182 CONJUGATION [157-158jaks-i-vams
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184 CONJUGATIONS [1601. na, which i
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186 CONJUGATION [162162. The Future
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188 CONJUGATION [163in tu which is
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190 CONJUGATION [165-167165. 2. tya
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192 CONJUGATION[i67h. verbal nouns
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194 CONJUGATION[i67always ends in a
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196 CONJUGATION[i68The causative is
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198 CONJUGATION [168-169ksay-5,ya)
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200 CONJUGATION [1715. ghas eat cha
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ja-gam202 CONJUGATION [172-173a. Th
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204 CONJUGATION [1743. Opt. No cert
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206 CONJUGATION [175e. g. jara-ya t
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CHAPTER VINDECLINABLE WORDSPreposit
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210 INDECLINABLE WORDS [177-178(als
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212 INDECLINABLE WORDS [179purva,-t
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214 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180a. In B.
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216 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180for, wit
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218 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [1802. There
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with220 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180it t
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222 INDECLINABLE WORDS [isoh. It al
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224 INDECLINABLE WORDS[180It often
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226 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180why has
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228 INDECLINABLE WORDS[180ca (Gk. r
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230 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180after a
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232 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180rarely,
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234 INDECLINABLE WORDS [i8otii,thou
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I236 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180infinit
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238 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180nu ' or
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240 INDECLINABLE WORDS [iso(= Lat.
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242 INDECLINABLE WOEDS" [180l&d ydt
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244 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180praise t
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ya24^ INDECLINABLE WOKDS [180if he
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248 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180there ar
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250 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180(h. With
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252 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180in the R
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antCHAPTER VINOMINAL STEM FORMATION
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sus-ka256 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [i
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258 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182e.g.
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200 NOMINAL STEM FOEMATION [182(Gk.
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I262 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [is-ika
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264 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182-183
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2()6 VERBAL COMPOUNDS [is4pain arou
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'268 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [185-18(5The
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270 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [1S6-1873. Th
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•''This"'272 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [i
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274 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [187-188
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276 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [iss-iso
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278 NOMINAL STEM FOKMATION [189occu
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280 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [WJadhi-
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282 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [189a. S
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284 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [191and as i
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286 , OUTLINESOF SYNTAX[191most clo
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288 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX {m-mprthivih
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290 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194mitras t
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292 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194-195and
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294 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [195referenc
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29G OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i95relative
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298 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [196THE CASE
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300 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197(TB.) ta
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302 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197and by g
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304 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [198and B. ;
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306 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i99Instrume
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308 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199differen
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310 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199-200the
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312 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200and krud
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314 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200B. The d
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316 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201have rec
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318 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201-202Anal
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320 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2027. In Fj
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322 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [202P. It is
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324 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [203-204vyus
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326 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [204-205to t
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328 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [205-206tasm
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330 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [208-209divi
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332 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [209-210catt
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334 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX[-211crenj po
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386 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211jar^dhya
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338 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211ma no ma
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340 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [212The only
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342 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213na soma
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844 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213loose th
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346 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [•213-214i
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348 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [214-215wUl
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350 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215which wa
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352 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2ir,in whic
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354 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2i5future i
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356 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215nasate s
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358 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215once be
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360 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215-2161rat
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362 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216rta vada
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364 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216verb (op
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366 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2I6a daivya
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368 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [218a. When
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870 APPENDIX Iad eat, II.: pr. admi
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372 APPENDIX Iroot, inda, the is ao
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374 APPENDIX Iroot: arta; arata ;in
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pr.376 APPENDIX ISB. karisyas. co.
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378 APPENDIX IPR. ksiyati; or. ksiy
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380 APPENDIX Iipv. guhata pt.; guha
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882 APPENDIX Icinusva; vt. cinvant;
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384 APPENDIX I(VS.) and ajijipata (
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386 APPENDIX IAo. atayi (B.). pp. t
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388 APPENDIX IPT. dadasvams. pp. da
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pr.390 APPENDIX Iadides, adidet. rr
Page 408 and 409: 892 APPENDIX 12. dr a, sleep, II. F
Page 410 and 411: 394 APPENDIX IAo. root : iNJ. dhrth
Page 412 and 413: 396 APPENDIX Inu praise, I. : pk. n
Page 414 and 415: 398 APPENDIX Iipv. pinva ; pinvatam
Page 416 and 417: 400 APPENDIX Ipri p?msr, IX. : pr.
Page 418 and 419: 402 APPENDIX Ibhiks hcf/, I. A. : p
Page 420 and 421: 404 APPENDIX Imamahana. pp. niahita
Page 422 and 423: 406 APPENDIX IAo. sa : amiksat (B.)
Page 424 and 425: 408 , APPENDIX1mrs toudi, VI. : vn.
Page 426 and 427: 410 APPENDIX IJ.thas, yuyota; op. y
Page 428 and 429: 412 APPENDIX 11. va give, III.: ipv
Page 430 and 431: '414 APPENDIX I2. rudh gi'oir, I. P
Page 432 and 433: 416 APPENDIX Ivadhisam and vadhim,
Page 434 and 435: 418 APPENDIX Ivas bellow, I. P. : p
Page 436 and 437: 420 APPENDIX IIX. : iPF. avrnldhvam
Page 438 and 439: 422 APPENDIX Ivyayasva ;pt. vyayant
Page 440 and 441: 424 APPENDIX IPT. sumbhamana. ao. r
Page 442 and 443: 426 APPENDIX Isagh be equal to, V.
Page 444 and 445: 428 APPENDIX Isu press, V. : pk. su
Page 446 and 447: 480 APPENDIX Isit (B.) ;A. astosi,
Page 448 and 449: sisvapas432 APPENDIX Isr^dhant. ipf
Page 450 and 451: 484 APPENDIX Ihimsitavya. gd. himsi
Page 452 and 453: APPENDIX IIVEDIC METRE.1 . The main
Page 454 and 455: yabhujara438 APPENDIX III. Simple S
Page 456 and 457: prthivyabrahmai440 APPENDIX IIc. Th
Page 460 and 461: hasoprasastayedratasutavidhemasaciv
Page 462 and 463: vadniraksasvinahiranyavatpatamasust
Page 464 and 465: APPENDIX IIITHE VEDIC ACCENT.1. The
Page 466 and 467: 450 APPENDIX IIIp6sam eva div6-dive
Page 468 and 469: 452 APPENDIX III= rathi^m ' ;svar -
Page 470 and 471: 454 APPENDIX IIIthe latter are near
Page 472 and 473: 456 APPENDIX IIIa. The liist member
Page 474 and 475: 468 APPENDIX III/9. The pronoun a i
Page 476 and 477: 460 APPENDIX IIIThe graded conjugat
Page 478 and 479: 462 APPENDIX IIIthan not ;e. g. t6-
Page 480 and 481: 464 APPENDIX IIItav-e to cover up ;
Page 482 and 483: dosavastar^|abhidrohamrtavrdhav466
Page 484 and 485: 468 APPENDIX IIIa. The first of two
Page 487 and 488: a-,10VEDIC INDEXThis index contains
Page 489 and 490: VEDIC INDEX 473antarena, adv. prj).
Page 491 and 492: VEDIC INDEX 475itara, prn. a, other
Page 493 and 494: VEDIC INDEX 477©, vowel often chan
Page 495 and 496: VEDIC INDEX 479148, 3 ; pt., 148, 6
Page 497 and 498: VEDIC INDEX 481pi., So ; it. ao. up
Page 499 and 500: VEDIC INDEX 483dagh, reach, rt. ao.
Page 501 and 502: VEDIC INDEX 485ndkis, inclec. prn.
Page 503 and 504: VEDIC INDEX 487purutra, adv. in mam
Page 505 and 506: VEDTC INDEX 489madintara, cpv. more
Page 507 and 508: i a.VEDIC INDEX 491yajtjoin, pr, sy
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VEDIC INDEX 493va3, f. spvcc/i, 79,
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VEDIC INDEX 495srenisas, adv. in ro
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VEDIC INDEX 497stubh, f. praise, 78
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1GENERAL INDEXTlift abbreviations o
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GENERAL INDEX 50167 a ;of s in nom.
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GENERAL INDEX 503Historical present
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GENERAL INDEX 505Precative 150 168-
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GENERAL INDEX 507Strong stem, in de
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m 3^988PLEASE DO NOT REMOVECARDS OR
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