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ERSITY PRESSRGH GLASGOW NEW YORKTORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAYHUMPHREY MILFORDI'UliLISHER TO THE UNIVERhlTVPKM3
PJ^EFACEA PRACTICAL Vedic grammar has long been a desideratum.It is one of the chief aids to the study of the hymns of theVeda called for forty-three years ago in the preface to hisI doubtedition of the Rigveda by Max Miiller, who adds,'not that the time will come when no one in India will callhimself a Sanskrit scholar who cannot construe the hymnsof the ancient Rishis of his country'. It ismainly dueto the lack of such a work that the study of Vedic literature,despite its great linguistic and religious importance, hasnever taken its proper place by the side of the study ofClassical Sanskrit either in England or India. Whitney'sexcellent Sansl-rit Grammar, indeed, treats the earlier languagein its historical connexion with the later, but for thisvery reason students are, as I have often been assured,unable to acquire from it a clear knowledge of either theone or the other, because beginners cannot keep the twodialects apart in the process of learning. Till the publicationof my large Vedic Grammar in 1910, no single workcomprehensively presented the early language by itself.That work is, however, too extensive and detailed for theneeds of the student, being intended rather as a book ofreference for the scholar. Hence I have often been urgedto bring out a short practical grammar which would do forthe Vedic language what my SansJcrit Grammar for Beginnersdoes for the Classical language. In the second edition(1911) of the latter work I therefore pledged myself to
Page 5: A VEDIC GRAMMARFOR STUDENTSBYARTHUR
Page 9 and 10: PREFACEVsurvey of Vedic sounds as e
Page 11 and 12: PKEFACEviiappropriate place within
Page 13 and 14: PrefaceList of Abbkeviations .Corre
Page 15 and 16: LISTOF ABBREVIATIONSA. = accusative
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTEE IPHONETIC INTRODUCTION1. Ve
Page 19 and 20: 3-4] THE VOWELS 3(y) seven cerebral
Page 21 and 22: 4-5] VOWEL GRADATION 5duvo-yu loisl
Page 23 and 24: 6-7] THE CONSONANTS 7The Consonants
Page 25 and 26: 10] NASALS 9initiallj', medially, a
Page 27 and 28: 11] SEMIVOWELS 11b. The semivowel v
Page 29 and 30: 12-14] BREATHING H—SPIRANTS 13Med
Page 31 and 32: 15]PKONUNCIATION 16as containing an
Page 33 and 34: 15] PKONUNCIATION 17Examples are: i
Page 35 and 36: 15] PEONUNCIATION 19as sit,sas oidc
Page 37 and 38: 17-18] EXTEENAL SANDHI 21A. Extei'n
Page 39 and 40: 19-21] EXTERNAL VOWEL SANDIII 23h.
Page 41 and 42: 23-25] ABSENCE OF VOWEL SANDHI 25h.
Page 43 and 44: 27-28] EXTERNAL SANDHI OF CONSONANT
Page 45 and 46: 29-32] EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 29
Page 47 and 48: 'atandrah37-40] EXTERNAL CONSONANT
Page 49 and 50: 41-42] EXTEKNAL CONSONANT SANDHI .
Page 55 and 56: 52-56] EXTEENAL CONSONANT SANDHI 39
Page 57 and 58:
G1-G3] INTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 41
Page 59 and 60:
65] CEREBEALTZATION OF DENTAL N 43k
Page 61 and 62:
66-67] CEREBRALTZATION OF S 45the i
Page 63 and 64:
69-70] DECLENSION 47lengthening a p
Page 65 and 66:
72-74] DECLENSION 49shortened in th
Page 67 and 68:
77] STEMS IN DENTALS 511. Of the st
Page 69 and 70:
78-79] STEMS IN PALATALS 53no neute
Page 71 and 72:
79] STEMS TN PALATALS AND S 55dhrs-
Page 73 and 74:
81-82] STEMS IN H AND R 57anadiit-s
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83] STEMS IN AS 59are accented on t
Page 77 and 78:
'In Latin and Greek the distinction
Page 79 and 80:
85-8G] PEESENT PARTICIPLES 63J). Th
Page 81 and 82:
88-89] COMPARATIVE STEMS IN YAMS 65
Page 83 and 84:
89-90] STEMS IN AN, MAN, VAN G7ok-i
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90] STEMS IN MAN 69the strong forms
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.IKREGULAE2The stem retains the acc
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93] ADJECTIVES IN ANC 73Masculine.S
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95-9(5] FEMININES OF CHANGEABLE STE
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97] STEMS IN A AND A i IThese two d
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97-98] EADICAL A STEMS 79rare that
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'"'tr(sucasucauV. suce98] DERIVATIV
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98-99] IRREGULAR I STEMS 83also som
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99-100] STEMS IN I AND U 85Sing. N.
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100] RADICAL AND DERIVATIVE I STEMS
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'90 DECLENSION [100-101N.A. bhuv-aI
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92 DECLENSION [101strong stem. The
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94 DECLENSION [102-1033. dyo m. f.
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9.6 DECLENSION [10313. In a few exa
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98 DECLENSION [104-105a. The number
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100 DECLENSION [105-106a consonant,
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102 DECLENSION [107of the first fou
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'^104 DECLENSION [109A. Personal Pr
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106 DECLENSION [110
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'108 DECLENSION [111roots i(which n
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110 DECLENSION [112-]13a one, gener
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112 DECLENSION [115-116used as an A
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114 DECLENSION [117-119a. With the
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IIG DECLENSION [120PI. N. visve. G.
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118 CONJUGATION [121-122with three
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120 CONJUGATION [1-25-127A. First C
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122 CONJUGATION [128-129The Augment
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124 CONJUGATION [131Terminations.13
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'^This i combines with the final a
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128 CONJUGATION [132FIRST CONJUGATI
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180
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132 CONJUGATION[132Third Class :bhr
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134 CONJUGATION[132Fifth Class : kr
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IKiG CONJUGATION[132Active.Present.
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\ -138CONJUGATION [132Active.Presen
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140 CONJUGATION [133Irregularities
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142 CONJUGATION [134beginning with
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144 CONJUGATION [134B. Third or Red
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146 CONJUGATION [m-i355. In the imp
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148 CONJUGATION [13Ga. Terminations
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150 CONJUGATION [137tap heut, dabh
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152 CONJUGATION [1384, ni lead :str
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I154 CONJUGATION [139o. vid know io
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156 CONJUGATION [meight occur, are
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158 CONJUGATION [i40-uiyem-ana (^^y
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160 CONJUGATION [141-143Indicative.
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162 CONJUGATION [i432. The subjunct
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164 CONJUGATION [144-/sri); a-hai-t
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166 CONJUGATION [Ii5-146(mra not he
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168 CONJUGATION [W-USIt is almost r
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170 CONJUGATION [usthe endings s an
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172 CONJUGATION [usa. There are als
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174 CONJUGATION[149The following ar
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176 CONJUGATION [150-1511. pi. acti
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178 CONJUGATION [152-154almost limi
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180 CONJUGATION[ir,5-i56'the Samhit
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182 CONJUGATION [157-158jaks-i-vams
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184 CONJUGATIONS [1601. na, which i
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186 CONJUGATION [162162. The Future
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188 CONJUGATION [163in tu which is
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190 CONJUGATION [165-167165. 2. tya
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192 CONJUGATION[i67h. verbal nouns
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194 CONJUGATION[i67always ends in a
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196 CONJUGATION[i68The causative is
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198 CONJUGATION [168-169ksay-5,ya)
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200 CONJUGATION [1715. ghas eat cha
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ja-gam202 CONJUGATION [172-173a. Th
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204 CONJUGATION [1743. Opt. No cert
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206 CONJUGATION [175e. g. jara-ya t
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CHAPTER VINDECLINABLE WORDSPreposit
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210 INDECLINABLE WORDS [177-178(als
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212 INDECLINABLE WORDS [179purva,-t
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214 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180a. In B.
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216 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180for, wit
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218 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [1802. There
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with220 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180it t
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222 INDECLINABLE WORDS [isoh. It al
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224 INDECLINABLE WORDS[180It often
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226 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180why has
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228 INDECLINABLE WORDS[180ca (Gk. r
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230 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180after a
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232 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180rarely,
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234 INDECLINABLE WORDS [i8otii,thou
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I236 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180infinit
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238 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180nu ' or
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240 INDECLINABLE WORDS [iso(= Lat.
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242 INDECLINABLE WOEDS" [180l&d ydt
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244 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180praise t
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ya24^ INDECLINABLE WOKDS [180if he
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248 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180there ar
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250 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180(h. With
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252 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180in the R
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antCHAPTER VINOMINAL STEM FORMATION
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sus-ka256 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [i
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258 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182e.g.
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200 NOMINAL STEM FOEMATION [182(Gk.
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I262 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [is-ika
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264 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182-183
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2()6 VERBAL COMPOUNDS [is4pain arou
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'268 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [185-18(5The
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270 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [1S6-1873. Th
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•''This"'272 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [i
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274 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [187-188
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276 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [iss-iso
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278 NOMINAL STEM FOKMATION [189occu
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280 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [WJadhi-
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282 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [189a. S
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284 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [191and as i
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286 , OUTLINESOF SYNTAX[191most clo
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288 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX {m-mprthivih
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290 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194mitras t
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292 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194-195and
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294 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [195referenc
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29G OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i95relative
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298 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [196THE CASE
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300 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197(TB.) ta
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302 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197and by g
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304 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [198and B. ;
Page 322 and 323:
306 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i99Instrume
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308 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199differen
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310 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199-200the
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312 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200and krud
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314 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200B. The d
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316 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201have rec
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318 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201-202Anal
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320 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2027. In Fj
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322 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [202P. It is
Page 340 and 341:
324 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [203-204vyus
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326 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [204-205to t
Page 344 and 345:
328 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [205-206tasm
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330 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [208-209divi
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332 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [209-210catt
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334 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX[-211crenj po
Page 352 and 353:
386 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211jar^dhya
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338 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211ma no ma
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340 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [212The only
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342 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213na soma
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844 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213loose th
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346 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [•213-214i
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348 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [214-215wUl
Page 366 and 367:
350 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215which wa
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352 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2ir,in whic
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354 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2i5future i
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356 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215nasate s
Page 374 and 375:
358 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215once be
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360 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215-2161rat
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362 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216rta vada
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364 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216verb (op
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366 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2I6a daivya
Page 384 and 385:
368 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [218a. When
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870 APPENDIX Iad eat, II.: pr. admi
Page 388 and 389:
372 APPENDIX Iroot, inda, the is ao
Page 390 and 391:
374 APPENDIX Iroot: arta; arata ;in
Page 392 and 393:
pr.376 APPENDIX ISB. karisyas. co.
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378 APPENDIX IPR. ksiyati; or. ksiy
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380 APPENDIX Iipv. guhata pt.; guha
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882 APPENDIX Icinusva; vt. cinvant;
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384 APPENDIX I(VS.) and ajijipata (
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386 APPENDIX IAo. atayi (B.). pp. t
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388 APPENDIX IPT. dadasvams. pp. da
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pr.390 APPENDIX Iadides, adidet. rr
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892 APPENDIX 12. dr a, sleep, II. F
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394 APPENDIX IAo. root : iNJ. dhrth
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396 APPENDIX Inu praise, I. : pk. n
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398 APPENDIX Iipv. pinva ; pinvatam
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400 APPENDIX Ipri p?msr, IX. : pr.
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402 APPENDIX Ibhiks hcf/, I. A. : p
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404 APPENDIX Imamahana. pp. niahita
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406 APPENDIX IAo. sa : amiksat (B.)
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408 , APPENDIX1mrs toudi, VI. : vn.
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410 APPENDIX IJ.thas, yuyota; op. y
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412 APPENDIX 11. va give, III.: ipv
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'414 APPENDIX I2. rudh gi'oir, I. P
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416 APPENDIX Ivadhisam and vadhim,
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418 APPENDIX Ivas bellow, I. P. : p
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420 APPENDIX IIX. : iPF. avrnldhvam
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422 APPENDIX Ivyayasva ;pt. vyayant
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424 APPENDIX IPT. sumbhamana. ao. r
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426 APPENDIX Isagh be equal to, V.
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428 APPENDIX Isu press, V. : pk. su
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480 APPENDIX Isit (B.) ;A. astosi,
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sisvapas432 APPENDIX Isr^dhant. ipf
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484 APPENDIX Ihimsitavya. gd. himsi
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APPENDIX IIVEDIC METRE.1 . The main
Page 454 and 455:
yabhujara438 APPENDIX III. Simple S
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prthivyabrahmai440 APPENDIX IIc. Th
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442 APPENDIX II6. C. The verse of t
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hasoprasastayedratasutavidhemasaciv
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vadniraksasvinahiranyavatpatamasust
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APPENDIX IIITHE VEDIC ACCENT.1. The
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450 APPENDIX IIIp6sam eva div6-dive
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452 APPENDIX III= rathi^m ' ;svar -
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454 APPENDIX IIIthe latter are near
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456 APPENDIX IIIa. The liist member
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468 APPENDIX III/9. The pronoun a i
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460 APPENDIX IIIThe graded conjugat
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462 APPENDIX IIIthan not ;e. g. t6-
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464 APPENDIX IIItav-e to cover up ;
Page 482 and 483:
dosavastar^|abhidrohamrtavrdhav466
Page 484 and 485:
468 APPENDIX IIIa. The first of two
Page 487 and 488:
a-,10VEDIC INDEXThis index contains
Page 489 and 490:
VEDIC INDEX 473antarena, adv. prj).
Page 491 and 492:
VEDIC INDEX 475itara, prn. a, other
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VEDIC INDEX 477©, vowel often chan
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VEDIC INDEX 479148, 3 ; pt., 148, 6
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VEDIC INDEX 481pi., So ; it. ao. up
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VEDIC INDEX 483dagh, reach, rt. ao.
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VEDIC INDEX 485ndkis, inclec. prn.
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VEDIC INDEX 487purutra, adv. in mam
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VEDTC INDEX 489madintara, cpv. more
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i a.VEDIC INDEX 491yajtjoin, pr, sy
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VEDIC INDEX 493va3, f. spvcc/i, 79,
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VEDIC INDEX 495srenisas, adv. in ro
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VEDIC INDEX 497stubh, f. praise, 78
Page 515 and 516:
1GENERAL INDEXTlift abbreviations o
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GENERAL INDEX 50167 a ;of s in nom.
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GENERAL INDEX 503Historical present
Page 521 and 522:
GENERAL INDEX 505Precative 150 168-
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GENERAL INDEX 507Strong stem, in de
Page 527:
m 3^988PLEASE DO NOT REMOVECARDS OR
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