MacDonnell II - Wilbourhall.org

844 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213loose the seven streams to flow (i. 32'^^);- he then adds indrasca yad. yuyudhate ahis ca^uta^aparibhyo maghava vijigye ivhen Indra and the serpent fought, the bounteous godconquered (—remained conqueror) /or the future. This useof the perf. is hardly distinguishable from the impf.n. la B. the jjerf. incl.appears in three different uses :1. in a present sense based on the pres. perf., chiefly in forms thathave a strengthened reduplicative vowel and tlius seem to have anintensive meaning. It is the jires. perf. tliat includes the present,expressing that an action takes place in the jiresent as a result of itsrepetition in the past ; e. g. dadhara (Jie has constantly held and iioio)holds ; e. g. y^t sayam juhoti ratryai tena dadhara if he offers in theevening, he thereby Itolds {A(jni) for the night (MS.). Other perfects of thiskind are: didaya shines; upa dodrava rashes at; yoyava wards off';lelaya quivers ; bibhaya (beside bibhaya) fea7-s (while the periphrasticbibhayam cakara has always a preterite sense). Besides these verbsveda knows and aha says always have a jjresent sense.Several other perfects with ordinary reduplication often have theIjresent sense: anase (has ohfained =) has (MS., TS.) ; pariyaya (/msacquired =) possesses (TS.); babhuva {has become =) is (MS.); vivya3a{has encompassed =) contains; dadrsi {has been seen =) appears (Avhiledadarsa always has a past sense); also the perfect of grab and pra-ap:ye hi pasavo loma jagrhiis te medham prapuh the cattle which have hairhave also fat (MS.).2. in a preterite sense, expressing that an action once occui-red inthe past (but not in the narrative sense of the impf.). This use mostoften appears in the form uvaca, which may be translated by oncesaid or has said ; e. g. etena va upakeru raradha : rdhnoti y^ et^nayajate by this sacrifice Upakeru once prospered ; he loho sacrifices ivith itprospers (MS.). It often occurs in the AB. at the conclusion of a storyrelated in the impf., in the phrase tad etad rsih pasyann abhyanuvacaseeing this a seer has uttered icith reference to it (the following verse).A somewhat different connexion with the narrative impf. ap}3ears inthe following example: etam ha vaiyajnasenas citim vidam cakara :tfi.ya vdi sa pasiin avarunddha this method of piling Yajnasena once intented:by means of it he acquired cattle (TS.). This perfect is found contrastingwhat is past with the present and future in the followingsuccessive sentences :yad va asyam kim carcanti y^d anrciir ; yadevd kim ca vaca^anrcur ydd dto 'dhi^_^arcitarah lohatever prayers theyoffer on it(the earth) or have offered : ivhatever prayers they have offered iviththe voice or will offer in future (TS.).3. in an historical sense, equivalent to that of the impf. in narrative,