MacDonnell II - Wilbourhall.org

340 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [212The only type here showing any develoj^ment is that in ya.which tends to have an intransitive sense. Such j)resentstems are formed in B. from more than a dozen rootsthat do not form it in the EV. ; e. g. tapyati f/roics hot(RV. tapati).1. As in other languages, the present is used to indicatean action that isstatement.taking place when the speaker makes his2. In the RV. the simple pres. is sometimes employed ofpast actions in narration to add a new statement in a vividmannei- ;e. g. purutra vrtro asayad vyastah amuya:sayanam ati yantl^apah Vrtra lay scattered in many places :over Itlm as he thus lies the waters flow (i. 32'^).This use does not seem to occur in B.a. pura formerly is used with the pres.to indicate anaction which has extended through the past down to thepresent ;e, g. kva tani nau sakhya babhuvuh, sacavaheyad avrkam pura cit ichere has that friendshij) of ns twogone, inasmuch as we have hithciio associated inoffensively(vii. 88'^) ; sa ha^agnir uvaca^atha yan mam pura prathamamyajatha kva^aham bhavani^iti .so Agni said:'now that you have hitherto honoured me at the sacrifice as thefirst where shall I he? (SB.).a. In B. pvira is also iised without reference to the actual presentfrom the speaker's point of view, to express a previous stage in typicalconditions ;e. g. ahota va esd pura bhavati yada^evS^^enam pravrnit6'tha hota he is frevionsly a non-Hoir ; as soon as he chooses him, thenhe is a Hotr {SB.) ; dnaddhaj^^iva va asya^atah pura janam bhavatipreviously his origin is as ifwere uncertain (SB.).sma pura with the pres. ind. expresses that somethingI),used to happen in the past ; e. g. samhotram sma puranari samanaip. va^ava gachati formerly the ivoman used togo down to the common sacrifice or the assembly (x. 86^").a. Tlie same usage is common in B. with ha sma pura ;e. g. n£ hasnaa vai pura^_^agnir dparasuvrknam dahati forinerhj Agni iised not tohum iphat ivas not cut off icilh the axe (TS.}. Here, however, the pura ts