Modern Engineering Thermodynamics

Contents
ix
7.6 Heat Engines Running Backward ............................................216
7.7 Clausius’s Definition of Entropy. .............................................218
7.8 Numerical Values for Entropy . . .............................................221
7.9 Entropy Transport Mechanisms . .............................................227
7.10 Differential Entropy Balance . . . .............................................227
7.11 Heat Transport of Entropy ..................................................229
7.12 Work Mode Transport of Entropy. ............................................231
7.13 Entropy Production Mechanisms .............................................231
7.14 Heat Transfer Production of Entropy . . ........................................232
7.15 Work Mode Production of Entropy ............................................235
7.16 Phase Change Entropy Production. ...........................................239
7.17 Entropy Balance and Entropy Rate Balance Equations ............................240
Summary ...................................................................241
CHAPTER 8 Second Law Closed System Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
8.1 Introduction ..............................................................249
8.2 Systems Undergoing Reversible Processes ......................................250
8.3 Systems Undergoing Irreversible Processes. .....................................256
8.4 Diffusional Mixing .........................................................271
Summary ...................................................................273
CHAPTER 9 Second Law Open System Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
9.1 Introduction ..............................................................279
9.2 Mass Flow Transport of Entropy . .............................................279
9.3 Mass Flow Production of Entropy .............................................280
9.4 Open System Entropy Balance Equations .......................................280
9.5 Nozzles, Diffusers, and Throttles . .............................................284
9.6 Heat Exchangers . .........................................................289
9.7 Mixing ..................................................................293
9.8 Shaft Work Machines. ......................................................296
9.9 Unsteady State Processes in Open Systems. .....................................297
Summary ...................................................................308
Final Comments on the Second Law . .............................................310
CHAPTER 10 Availability Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
10.1 What Is Availability? . . ...................................................319
10.2 Fun with Scalar, Vector, and Conservative Fields . . .............................320
10.3 What are Conservative Forces? .............................................321
10.4 Maximum Reversible Work . . . .............................................322
10.5 Local Environment .......................................................322
10.6 Availability. ............................................................323
10.7 Closed System Availability Balance . . ........................................327
10.8 Flow Availability ........................................................331
10.9 Open System Availability Rate Balance .......................................334
10.10 Modified Availability Rate Balance Equation . ..................................335
10.11 Energy Efficiency Based on the Second Law . ..................................339
Summary ...................................................................351
CHAPTER 11 More Thermodynamic Relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
11.1 Kynning (Introduction) . ...................................................361
11.2 Two New Properties: Helmholtz and Gibbs Functions. ...........................362
11.3 Gibbs Phase Equilibrium Condition . . ........................................366
11.4 Maxwell Equations. ......................................................367
11.5 The Clapeyron Equation. ..................................................370
11.6 Determining u, h, and s from p, v, and T ......................................372
11.7 Constructing Tables and Charts. ............................................378
11.8 Thermodynamic Charts ...................................................380