Modern Engineering Thermodynamics

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Problems 145 Table 4.12 Problem 67 Process Q cond Q conv Q rad W mech W elect W magn W chem E 2 − E 1 1–2 5 13 −34 45 2 −23 11 ? 2–3 12.3 56.1 121. 0.0 85.0 0.0 ? 211.0 3–1 1.1 −23.3 ? −44.8 89.9 −47.3 14.2 0.0 air is 1.50 Btu/(h·ft 2·R). The night sky is cloudless and forms a black body at a temperature of −30.0°F. By performing a convective-radiation balance on the roof, determine a. The roof temperature. b. Whether or not frost will form on the roof (and why). 63.* Determine the radiation heat transfer rate per unit area between an infant at 37.0°C in a crib and a nearby window at −10.0°C in the winter. The view factor between the infant and the window is 0.310. 64. Determine the radiation heat transfer rate per unit area from a nuclear fireball at 10,000.°F and a nearby building at 70.0°F covered with white paint. The view factor between the building and the fireball is 0.0100. 65. Define the following terms: a. Adiabatic. b. Mechanical work. c. Reversible. d. The state postulate. 66. Define the following terms: a. Aergonic. b. The local equilibrium postulate. c. Enthalpy. d. Work efficiency. 67.* A closed system undergoes a cycle made up of three processes. Fill in the missing data in Table 4.12. All the values are in kilojoules. Computer Problems The following computer assignments are designed to be carried out on a personal computer using a spreadsheet or equation solver. They are exercises that use some of the basic formulae of Chapter 4. They may be used as part of a weekly homework assignment. 68. Develop a program that calculates the work transport for an ideal gas undergoing a polytropic moving boundary process. Have the user input all necessary data from the keyboard by responding to properly worded screen prompts. Make sure that units are specified when requesting user data input. Output the polytropic work and all the input data (with corresponding units). 69. Develop a program that calculates the work transport for a Hookean elastic solid. Have the user input all necessary data from the keyboard by responding to properly worded screen prompts. Make sure that units are specified when requesting user data input. Output the elastic work and all the input data (with corresponding units). 70. Develop a program that determines the work transport in a constant volume magnetization process. Have the user input all necessary data from the keyboard by responding to properly worded screen prompts. Make sure that units are specified when requesting user data input. Output the magnetic work, the work of magnetization of the exposed material, and all the input data (with corresponding units). 71. Develop a program that determines the chemical work transport for a system with constant chemical potentials. Have the user input all the μ i and the initial and final m i from the keyboard by responding to properly worded screen prompts. Make sure that units are specified when requesting user data input. Output the chemical work (with corresponding units). 72. Develop a program that determines the total heat transfer rate from the sum of one or more of the three heat transport modes (conduction, convection, and radiation). Have the user select from a menu which heat transport mode or combination of heat transport modes he or she wishes to use. Then have the user input all necessary data from the keyboard by responding to properly worded screen prompts. Output the heat transport rate and all input data (with corresponding units). Create and Solve Problems <strong>Engineering</strong> education tends to focus only on the process of solving problems. It ignores teaching the process of formulating solvable problems. However, working engineers are never given a well-phrased problem statement to solve. Instead, they need to react to situational information and organize it into a structure that can be solved using the methods learned in college. Also, if you see how problems are written (created), then you have a better chance of mastering the solution technique and of understanding how to structure information as a working engineer into solvable situations. These “Create and Solve” problems are designed to help you learn how to formulate solvable thermodynamics problems from engineering data. Since you provide the numerical values for some of the variables, these problems have no unique solutions. Their solutions depend on the assumptions you need to make and how you set them up to create a solvable problem. 73.* You are a design engineer working on a robotic system. The robot contains an imbedded circuit board that draws 30.0 mA at 5.00 V. Someone mentions that the circuit board might overheat during its 30 min. operating cycle. Write and solve a problem that provides (a) the heat generation rate of the circuit board, and (b) the temperature of the circuit board if it is insulated and operated for 30.0 minutes. Choose relevant values for the necessary variables. Hint: Your problem statement might read something like this: An insulated circuit board draws 30.0 mA at 5.00 V. Determine its heat generation rate and its temperature after 30.0 min of operation. The board has a mass of 1.00 × 10 −3 kg and its specific heat is 0.500 kJ/kg·K. Now you have to solve your problem to determine the answers to (a) and (b).
146 CHAPTER 4: The First Law of <strong>Thermodynamics</strong> and Energy Transport Mechanisms 74. You are designing a new mechanical transmission large rock crusher used in the mining industry. The transmission is driven by a 300. hp engine but transmits only 290. hp to the rock crusher. You need to prevent the transmission from overheating, so how much cooling is needed to keep it at ambient temperature? 75.* Dave, your boss, wants you to estimate the amount of heat that has to be removed from an iron ingot to cool it from 900ºC to 150ºC. Make this request into a thermodynamic problem statement and solve it. 76.* You are a new engineer at a company that manufactures gas-filled shock absorbers for racing cars. The chief engineer wants to understand the relation between the gas pressure inside the shock absorber and the compression of the gas. The shock absorbers are essentially piston-cylinder devices that are initially filled with nitrogen gas at 0.345 MPa and 20.0ºF. When the piston compresses the gas by 20%, the pressure increases to 0.414 MPa. You think this is a polytropic compression process. Write and solve a thermodynamics problem to determine the polytropic exponent for this process.
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Modern Engineering Thermodynamics
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Modern Engineering Thermodynamics R
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Dedication WHAT IS AN ENGINEER AND
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Contents PREFACE . . . . . . . . .
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Contents ix 7.6 Heat Engines Runnin
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Contents xi 14.13 Air Standard Gas
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Preface TEXT OBJECTIVES This textbo
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Preface xv Step 5. Write down the b
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Acknowledgments I wish to acknowled
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Resources That Accompany This Book
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List of Symbols A a B COP CR c c p
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Prologue PARIS FRANCE, 10:35 AM, AU
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CHAPTER 1 The Beginning CONTENTS 1.
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1.2 Why Is Thermodynamics Important
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1.3 Getting Answers: A Basic Proble
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1.5 How Do We Measure Things? 7 bei
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1.6 Temperature Units 9 THE DEVELOP
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1.7 Classical Mechanical and Electr
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1.7 Classical Mechanical and Electr
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1.9 Modern Units Systems 15 where M
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1.10 Significant Figures 17 CRITICA
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1.10 Significant Figures 19 WHAT AB
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1.11 Potential and Kinetic Energies
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1.11 Potential and Kinetic Energies
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Summary 25 FIGURE 1.19 Case study 1
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Problems 27 Problems (* indicates p
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Problems 29 14. Determine the mass
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Problems 31 49. Using the CGS units
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CHAPTER 2 Thermodynamic Concepts CO
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2.3 Phases of Matter 35 System boun
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2.4 System States and Thermodynamic
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2.6 Thermodynamic Processes 39 WHAT
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2.7 Pressure and Temperature Scales
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2.9 The Continuum Hypothesis 43 Sur
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2.10 The Balance Concept 45 Solutio
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2.11 The Conservation Concept 47 or
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2.11 The Conservation Concept 49 Th
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Summary 51 change in the mass of X
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Problems 53 Problems (* indicates p
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Problems 55 and Death rate = α 2 +
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CHAPTER 3 Thermodynamic Properties
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3.3 Fun with Mathematics 59 CRITICA
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3.4 Some Exciting New Thermodynamic
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3.6 Enthalpy 63 WHO WAS AMALIE EMMY
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3.7 Phase Diagrams 65 WHO WAS EMMY
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Pressure Vapor 3.7 Phase Diagrams 6
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3.7 Phase Diagrams 69 WHAT IS A “
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3.7 Phase Diagrams 71 considerable
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3.8 Quality 73 10 5 300 C Critical
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3.8 Quality 75 Although Eq. (3.26)
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3.9 Thermodynamic Equations of Stat
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3.10 Thermodynamic Tables 85 Critic
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3.12 Thermodynamic Charts 87 vð100
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3.13 Thermodynamic Property Softwar
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Summary 91 and e = E/m = u + V2 2g
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Problems 93 c. For a saturated mixt
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Page 124 and 125: CHAPTER 4 The First Law of Thermody
Page 126 and 127: 4.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Page 128 and 129: 4.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Page 130 and 131: 4.4 Energy Transport Mechanisms 105
Page 132 and 133: 4.5 Point and Path Functions 107 4.
Page 134 and 135: 4.6 Mechanical Work Modes of Energy
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Page 150 and 151: 4.9 Work Efficiency 125 In the case
Page 152 and 153: 4.12 Heat Modes of Energy Transport
Page 154 and 155: 4.13 Heat Transfer Modes 129 Table
Page 156 and 157: 4.14 A Thermodynamic Problem Solvin
Page 158 and 159: 4.14 A Thermodynamic Problem Solvin
Page 160 and 161: 4.15 How to Write a Thermodynamics
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Page 164 and 165: Summary 139 The general open system
Page 166 and 167: Problems 141 11.* Determine the hea
Page 168 and 169: Problems 143 where K = 0.810 lbf. D
Page 172 and 173: CHAPTER 5 First Law Closed System A
Page 174 and 175: 5.2 Sealed, Rigid Containers 149 In
Page 176 and 177: 5.4 Power Plants 151 Step 7. Calcul
Page 178 and 179: 5.5 Incompressible Liquids 153 The
Page 180 and 181: 1Q 2 − 1 W 2 = mðu 2 − u 1 Þ
Page 182 and 183: 5.8 Closed System Unsteady State Pr
Page 184 and 185: 5.9 The Explosive Energy of Pressur
Page 186 and 187: Problems 161 Problems (* indicates
Page 188 and 189: Problems 163 31. A thermoelectric g
Page 190 and 191: Problems 165 where v, T, and r are
Page 192 and 193: CHAPTER 6 First Law Open System App
Page 194 and 195: 6.2 Mass Flow Energy Transport 169
Page 196 and 197: 6.3 Conservation of Energy and Cons
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Page 200 and 201: 6.5 Nozzles and Diffusers 175 m (a)
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Page 204 and 205: 6.6 Throttling Devices 179 These as
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Page 212 and 213: 6.9 Shaft Work Machines 187 6.9 SHA
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6.10 Open System Unsteady State Pro
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Problems 197 we have _m R / _m D =
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Problems 199 Problems (* indicates
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Problems 201 32.* A commercial slid
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Summary 203 59. Incompressible liqu
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CHAPTER 7 Second Law of Thermodynam
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7.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamic
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7.4 Carnot’s Heat Engine and the
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7.4 Carnot’s Heat Engine and the
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7.5 The Absolute Temperature Scale
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7.5 The Absolute Temperature Scale
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7.6 Heat Engines Running Backward 2
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7.7 Clausius’s Definition of Entr
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7.8 Numerical Values for Entropy 22
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7.10 Differential Entropy Balance 2
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7.11 Heat Transport of Entropy 229
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7.13 Entropy Production Mechanisms
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7.14 Heat Transfer Production of En
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7.15 Work Mode Production of Entrop
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7.15 Work Mode Production of Entrop
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7.16 Phase Change Entropy Productio
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Summary 241 ■ Indirect method inv
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Problems 243 amount of work W irr i
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Problems 245 a. If the heat pump is
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Problems 247 51. Develop a program
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CHAPTER 8 Second Law Closed System
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8.2 Systems Undergoing Reversible P
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8.3 Systems Undergoing Irreversible
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8.4 Diffusional Mixing 271 Exercise
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Summary 273 Note that this example
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Problems 275 15. A 20.0 ft 3 tank c
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Problems 277 46. a. Determine a for
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CHAPTER 9 Second Law Open System Ap
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9.4 Open System Entropy Balance Equ
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9.4 Open System Entropy Balance Equ
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9.5 Nozzles, Diffusers, and Throttl
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9.5 Nozzles, Diffusers, and Throttl
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9.6 Heat Exchangers 289 Exercises 1
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9.6 Heat Exchangers 291 (T H ) (T H
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9.7 Mixing 293 Now, _m air is given
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9.7 Mixing 295 Critical value of y,
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9.9 Unsteady State Processes in Ope
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Problems 309 Multiplying this equat
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Problems 311 entropy production rat
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Problems 313 heat is added to the b
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Problems 315 55.* Determine the max
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Problems 317 The cavitation process
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CHAPTER 10 Availability Analysis CO
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10.3 What Are Conservative Forces?
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10.6 Availability 323 WHAT IS A SYS
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10.6 Availability 325 and the total
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10.7 Closed System Availability Bal
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10.7 Closed System Availability Bal
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10.8 Flow Availability 331 EXAMPLE
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s − s 0 = c ln T T 0 10.8 Flow Av
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10.10 Modified Availability Rate Ba
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10.10 Modified Availability Rate Ba
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10.11 Energy Efficiency Based on th
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Summary 351 In this problem, we hav
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Summary 353 7. The general open sys
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Problems 355 12.5 Btu/hr·ft ·R. I
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Problems 357 flow rate of 15.0 lbm/
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Problems 359 85. Create a specific
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CHAPTER 11 More Thermodynamic Relat
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11.2 Two New Properties: Helmholtz
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11.2 Two New Properties: Helmholtz
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11.4 Maxwell Equations 367 11.4 MAX
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11.4 Maxwell Equations 369 then,
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11.5 The Clapeyron Equation 371 and
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11.6 Determining u, h, and s from p
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11.7 Constructing Tables and Charts
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11.8 Thermodynamic Charts 381 so th
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11.9 Gas Tables 383 where p r is th
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11.10 Compressibility Factor and Ge
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11.11 Is Steam Ever an Ideal Gas? 3
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Summary 399 equation, and a series
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Problems 401 20.* Estimate h fg for
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Problems 403 Design Problems The fo
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CHAPTER 12 Mixtures of Gases and Va
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12.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Ga
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12.3 Mixtures of Ideal Gases 413 Th
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12.3 Mixtures of Ideal Gases 415 Co
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12.4 Psychrometrics 417 Finally, th
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12.4 Psychrometrics 419 EXAMPLE 12.
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12.6 The Sling Psychrometer 421 The
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12.6 The Sling Psychrometer 423 p w
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12.7 Air Conditioning 425 WHAT ENVI
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12.8 Psychrometric Enthalpies 427 E
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12.8 Psychrometric Enthalpies 429 o
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12.9 Mixtures of Real Gases 431 Whe
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12.9 Mixtures of Real Gases 433 and
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12.9 Mixtures of Real Gases 435 The
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12.9 Mixtures of Real Gases 437 Sol
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Summary 439 Last, we combine Dalton
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Problems 443 exhaust gas is an idea
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Problems 445 57.* Cooling towers ar
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CHAPTER 13 Vapor and Gas Power Cycl
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13.2 Part I. Engines and Vapor Powe
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13.4 Rankine Cycle 457 A B Reversib
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13.5 Operating Efficiencies 459 For
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13.5 Operating Efficiencies 461 13.
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13.5 Operating Efficiencies 463 b.
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13.5 Operating Efficiencies 465 Sta
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13.6 Rankine Cycle with Superheat 4
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13.7 Rankine Cycle with Regeneratio
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13.8 The Development of the Steam T
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13.9 Rankine Cycle with Reheat 477
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13.9 Rankine Cycle with Reheat 479
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13.10 Modern Steam Power Plants 481
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13.12 Air Standard Power Cycles 487
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13.13 Stirling Cycle 489 Q H 4 1 4
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13.14 Ericsson Cycle 491 Q H 4 1 3
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13.15 Lenoir Cycle 493 Exercises 28
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13.16 Brayton Cycle 495 Solution Us
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13.16 Brayton Cycle 497 Equation (7
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13.17 Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines
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13.17 Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines
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13.18 Otto Cycle 503 T Q H 1 1 1 v
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13.18 Otto Cycle 505 Exercises 40.
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13.18 Otto Cycle 507 and, since the
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13.20 Miller Cycle 509 13.19.1 Mode
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13.20 Miller Cycle 511 Then, from F
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13.21 Diesel Cycle 513 to stroll on
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13.21 Diesel Cycle 515 Solution a.
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13.22 Modern Prime Mover Developmen
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13.23 Second Law Analysis of Vapor
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Summary 525 Fill port 160 mm End of
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Problems 527 7. The thermal efficie
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efficiency increase if the condense
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Problems 531 horsepower hour. Assum
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Problems 533 72. Determine the valu
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CHAPTER 14 Vapor and Gas Refrigerat
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14.3 Carnot Refrigeration Cycle 537
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14.4 In the Beginning There Was Ice
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14.4 In the Beginning There Was Ice
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14.5 Vapor-Compression Refrigeratio
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14.5 Vapor-Compression Refrigeratio
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14.6 Refrigerants 547 T 3 2s 2 p 3
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14.7 Refrigerant Numbers 549 14.7 R
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14.7 Refrigerant Numbers 551 R-110
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14.8 CFCs and the Ozone Layer 553 H
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14.9 Cascade and Multistage Vapor-C
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14.10 Absorption Refrigeration 561
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14.11 Commercial and Household Refr
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14.14 Reversed Brayton Cycle Refrig
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14.14 Reversed Brayton Cycle Refrig
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14.15 Reversed Stirling Cycle Refri
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14.16 Miscellaneous Refrigeration T
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14.16 Miscellaneous Refrigeration T
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14.18 Second Law Analysis of Refrig
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14.18 Second Law Analysis of Refrig
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2. The coefficient of performance o
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Problems 585 13.* A refrigeration u
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Problems 587 Loop B Station 1B Stat
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Problems 589 under these conditions
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CHAPTER 15 Chemical Thermodynamics
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15.2 Stoichiometric Equations 593 1
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15.2 Stoichiometric Equations 595 C
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15.3 Organic Fuels 597 ANSWERS SOME
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15.4 Fuel Modeling 599 Hydrocarbon
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15.4 Fuel Modeling 601 equation, si
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15.5 Standard Reference State 603 I
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15.6 Heat of Formation 605 and H 2
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15.7 Heat of Reaction 607 EXAMPLE 1
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15.7 Heat of Reaction 609 CRITICAL
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15.7 Heat of Reaction 611 Then, h P
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15.8 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 61
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15.9 Maximum Explosion Pressure 619
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15.10 Entropy Production in Chemica
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15.10 Entropy Production in Chemica
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15.11 Entropy of Formation and Gibb
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15.12 Chemical Equilibrium and Diss
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H 2 O !ð1 − yÞH 2 O + yðv H2
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15.14 The van’t Hoff Equation 635
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15.15 Fuel Cells 637 Anode Electrol
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15.15 Fuel Cells 639 The maximum po
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15.16 Chemical Availability 641 and
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ðn i /n fuel Þðc pi Þ E system
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Problems 645 where j = 4n + m kgmol
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Problems 647 c. The percent excess
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Problems 649 77. Determine the mola
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CHAPTER 16 Compressible Fluid Flow
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16.3 Isentropic Stagnation Properti
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16.4 The Mach Number 655 Note that
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16.4 The Mach Number 657 Table 16.1
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16.4 The Mach Number 659 Since for
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16.5 Converging-Diverging Flows 661
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16.5 Converging-Diverging Flows 663
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16.6 Choked Flow 665 T a a p a = co
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16.6 Choked Flow 667 Exercises 16.
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16.7 Reynolds Transport Theorem 669
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16.7 Reynolds Transport Theorem 671
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16.8 Linear Momentum Rate Balance 6
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16.9 Shock Waves 675 16.9 SHOCK WAV
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16.9 Shock Waves 677 and, for an id
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16.9 Shock Waves 679 6 5 4 S P /(m
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16.10 Nozzle and Diffuser Efficienc
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16.10 Nozzle and Diffuser Efficienc
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Summary 685 Since for a diffuser, M
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43. 0.800 lbm/s of air passes throu
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Problems 691 A plot of this functio
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CHAPTER 17 Thermodynamics of Biolog
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17.3 Thermodynamics of Biological C
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17.3 Thermodynamics of Biological C
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17.4 Energy Conversion Efficiency o
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17.4 Energy Conversion Efficiency o
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17.5 Metabolism 703 Table 17.3 Brea
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17.6 Thermodynamics of Nutrition an
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17.7 Limits to Biological Growth 71
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17.7 Limits to Biological Growth 71
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17.8 Locomotion Transport Number 71
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17.9 Thermodynamics of Aging and De
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17.9 Thermodynamics of Aging and De
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1/3 V most efficient = P o ρAC D S
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Problems 723 a. If the monster cons
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Problems 725 the officer asks Paul
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CHAPTER 18 Introduction to Statisti
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18.3 Kinetic Theory of Gases 729 3.
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U trans = 3 2 NkT (Continued ) 18.3
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18.4 Intermolecular Collisions 733
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18.5 Molecular Velocity Distributio
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18.5 Molecular Velocity Distributio
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18.6 Equipartition of Energy 739 We
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18.7 Introduction to Mathematical P
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18.8 Quantum Statistical Thermodyna
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18.9 Three Classical Quantum Statis
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18.11 Monatomic Maxwell-Boltzmann G
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18.12 Diatomic Maxwell-Boltzmann Ga
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18.12 Diatomic Maxwell-Boltzmann Ga
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18.13 Polyatomic Maxwell-Boltzmann
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Summary 759 In this chapter, we sum
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Problems 761 4. Find the temperatur
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CHAPTER 19 Introduction to Coupled
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19.3 Linear Phenomenological Equati
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19.4 Thermoelectric Coupling 767 Eq
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19.4 Thermoelectric Coupling 769 Th
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19.4 Thermoelectric Coupling 771 wh
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19.4 Thermoelectric Coupling 773 Th
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19.4 Thermoelectric Coupling 775 b.
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19.5 Thermomechanical Coupling 777
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water), it seems reasonable that li
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Problems 785 b. For a Knudson gas,
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Appendix A: Physical Constants and
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Appendix B: Greek and Latin Origins
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Appendix B 791 Table B.4 Plural End
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Index Page numbers followed by f in
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Index 795 E e (specific energy), 10
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Index 797 Isobaric coefficient of v
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Index 799 Ranque, Georges Joseph, 3
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Index 801 William III, King of Engl
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Modern Engineering Thermodynamics

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