Modern Engineering Thermodynamics

Contents
xi
14.13 Air Standard Gas Refrigeration Cycles ........................................568
14.14 Reversed Brayton Cycle Refrigeration ........................................569
14.15 Reversed Stirling Cycle Refrigeration . ........................................572
14.16 Miscellaneous Refrigeration Technologies . . . ..................................575
14.17 Future Refrigeration Needs . . . .............................................578
14.18 Second Law Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles. ..................................579
Summary ...................................................................582
CHAPTER 15 Chemical Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
15.1 Einführung (Introduction). .................................................591
15.2 Stoichiometric Equations ..................................................593
15.3 Organic Fuels. . .........................................................596
15.4 Fuel Modeling . .........................................................599
15.5 Standard Reference State ..................................................603
15.6 Heat of Formation .......................................................604
15.7 Heat of Reaction. ........................................................607
15.8 Adiabatic Flame Temperature . .............................................613
15.9 Maximum Explosion Pressure . .............................................619
15.10 Entropy Production in Chemical Reactions. . . ..................................621
15.11 Entropy of Formation and Gibbs Function of Formation. . . . .......................625
15.12 Chemical Equilibrium and Dissociation .......................................626
15.13 Rules for Chemical Equilibrium Constants . . . ..................................634
15.14 The van’t Hoff Equation ...................................................635
15.15 Fuel Cells ..............................................................636
15.16 Chemical Availability . . ...................................................641
Summary ...................................................................642
CHAPTER 16 Compressible Fluid Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
16.1 Introducerea (Introduction). ................................................651
16.2 Stagnation Properties . . ...................................................652
16.3 Isentropic Stagnation Properties ............................................653
16.4 The Mach Number .......................................................655
16.5 Converging-Diverging Flows . . .............................................660
16.6 Choked Flow . . .........................................................665
16.7 Reynolds Transport Theorem . . .............................................669
16.8 Linear Momentum Rate Balance ............................................673
16.9 Shock Waves . . .........................................................675
16.10 Nozzle and Diffuser Efficiencies .............................................681
Summary ...................................................................685
CHAPTER 17 Thermodynamics of Biological Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
17.1 Introdução (Introduction) ...................................................693
17.2 Living Systems. . .........................................................693
17.3 Thermodynamics of Biological Cells. . . ........................................695
17.4 Energy Conversion Efficiency of Biological Systems . .............................699
17.5 Metabolism .............................................................702
17.6 Thermodynamics of Nutrition and Exercise . . . ..................................705
17.7 Limits to Biological Growth .................................................711
17.8 Locomotion Transport Number . .............................................714
17.9 Thermodynamics of Aging and Death . ........................................716
Summary ...................................................................721
CHAPTER 18 Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
18.1 Introduction . . . .........................................................727
18.2 Why Use a Statistical Approach? ............................................728
18.3 Kinetic Theory of Gases ...................................................728
18.4 Intermolecular Collisions ..................................................732