Modern Engineering Thermodynamics

Index 795
E
e (specific energy), 102, 707
E (total energy), 46, 62, 102, 106, 168, 749
E G (energy gain), 102
Edison, Thomas Alva, 477, 638
Effective molecular radius, 733t
Effective voltage, 117–118
Efficiency, Defined, 460t
of biological systems, 699–702
of food energy conversion, 706
of fuel cells, 636
of locomotion, 714, 716
of nozzle and diffuser systems, 681–685
second law, 340, 343, 345, 347
thermal. See Thermal efficiency
work, 124–126
Efficiency ratio, power plant, 482
Einstein, Albert, 84
Einstein’s mass-energy relation, 748
Elastic modulus (γ), 713
Elastic work, 114–115
Electrical device
example, 150–151
problem, 150
Electrical resistance, 125, 238, 770
Electrical resistivity, 238, 770
Electrical units
current, fundamental units, 10
fundamental equations, 10
Electrical work
current flow work, 117–118
polarization work, 118–120
Electric dipoles, 116
Electric field strength vector, (E), 118
Electric permittivity of a vacuum, 119
Electric potential, 117
Electric susceptibility, 119
various materials, 119t
Electrochemical work, cell, 696
Electrodynamic, 782
Electrohydrodynamic coupling, 782–783
Electron spin quantum number, 748
Electrostatic equilibrium, 38
Emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen, 748
Emissivity, 129
Empedocles, 592
Endothermic reaction, 606
Energy balance
general closed system, 108, 135
modified, 173, 282
Energy content
basic food components, 707
common foods, 708
Energy conversion
direct, 123, 701, 764
efficiency (η), 125, 340, 699–702
heat pump, 217, 339
nozzle, 174
Energy gain (E G ), 102
Energy level, degeneracy of, 749
Energy rate balance
and biological rate of energy expenditure,
713
in a closed system, general, 108, 135, 138
equation for, 171, 285, 287
of life, 699
in a living cell, 698
modified, 172, 178, 296
in a nonequilibrium system, 104
in an open system, 698–699
general, 139, 171
in wet airstreams, 428
Energy rates of the primitive earth, 695
Energy transport
heat modes of, 127–128
in living systems, 699f
mechanical work modes, 108–116
mechanisms, 99–140
and nonconservative forces, 104
nonmechanical work modes, 116–123
rates, power modes of, 124
Engineering English units system, 12, 15, 25,
173
English Gun Barrel Proof Act, 27
Enthalpy
change, measuring, 207
correction chart, 391f
defined, 63
psychrometric, 426–427, 440
Entropy
and aging, 718
analysis, 297
and chemical reactions, 621–625
Clausius’ definition of, 218–221
correction chart, 394f
determining
closed system direct method, 250
closed system indirect method, 250
and Gibbs function of formation,
625–626
of phase change production, 239–240
production of. See also Entropy
production rate, 207, 237, 261, 281,
284, 579
diffusional mixing, 271
heat, 232–234
due to laminar viscous losses, 268, 307
mass flow, 280
work mode, 235–239
production ratio, 301, 301f
transport of
heat, 229–234
mass flow, 279–280
and the second law, 205–243
work mode, 231
Entropy balance
closed system, 250
equation, 240–241, 271
modified, 282, 309
Entropy production rate
fuel cell, 639
heat exchanger, 290–291
maximum, mixing liquids, 295f
for viscous effects, 269
Entropy rate balance
closed system, 240, 250, 672
equation for, 240–241
fuel cell, 636
general open system, 281
living system, 717
modified, 282, 296, 308
open system, 621, 699
problem, 281
shock waves, 678
Environment
as a heat transfer fluid, 185
temperatures and survival curves, 718f
Enzymes, 694–695
Equation of state
dielectric, 119
empirical, 400
ideal gas, 41, 79
ideal gas mixtures, 412
for a magnetic field, 121
of nonlinear rubber band, 369
simple magnetic substance, 400
Equilibrium, defined, 36, 630
Equilibrium constant, 629, 634–635
Equilibrium reaction, 627, 630
Equilibrium state, 36, 747
Equilibrium temperature, 421
Equipartition of energy, 738–741
Equivalent gas constant, mixture, 410, 439
Ericsson, John, 490
Ericsson cycle, 490–493
Essergy, 319
Ethane, 549, 597f
Ethylene, 394
Euler, Leonhard, 669
Eulerian analysis, 669
Evaporator, 542
Event-frequency table, 742t
Excess air, 595
Exercise, thermodynamics of, 46, 47–48, 50
Exergy, 319
Exothermic reaction, 606
Expansion
engines, 454
of a pure gas, 127
work, 400
Explosive energy, pressure vessels, 159–160
Extensive property
defined, 37
generalized displacements, 116
as a point function, 107
External combustion engine, 486, 505
External forces, 673
F
Factorial, 745
Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel, 28, 54, 92
Fanno line, 690
Faraday’s constant (F), 639
Farad (F), 639
Fats, 705
Fermi, Enrico, 728
Fermi-Dirac model, 749
Ferromagnetic material, 120
F (farad), 639
Fields
conservative, 321
electric, 116
magnetic, 120–121
scalar, 320
vector, 320