Modern Engineering Thermodynamics
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Resources That Accompany This Book A companion website containing interactive activities designed to test students’ knowledge of thermodynamic concepts can be found at: http://booksite.academicpress.com/balmer. For instructors, a solutions manual and PowerPoint slides are available by registering at: www.textbooks. elsevier.com. Thermodynamic Tables to accompany <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Engineering</strong> <strong>Thermodynamics</strong> A separate booklet containing thermodynamic tables and charts useful for solving thermodynamics problems is included with new copies of this text. The booklet (ISBN: 9780123850386) can also be purchased separately through www.elsevierdirect.com or through any bookstore or online retailer. Elsevier Online Testing Elsevier Online Testing is a testing and assessment feature that is also available for use with this book. It allows instructors to create online tests and assignments that automatically assess students’ responses and performance, providing them with immediate feedback. Elsevier’s online testing includes a selection of algorithmic questions, giving instructors the ability to create virtually unlimited variations of the same problem. Contact your local sales representative or email textbooks@elsevier.com for additional information, or visit http://booksite.academicpress.com/balmer. xix
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2.10 The Balance Concept 45 Solutio
2.11 The Conservation Concept 47 or
2.11 The Conservation Concept 49 Th
Summary 51 change in the mass of X
Problems 53 Problems (* indicates p
Problems 55 and Death rate = α 2 +
CHAPTER 3 Thermodynamic Properties
3.3 Fun with Mathematics 59 CRITICA
3.4 Some Exciting New Thermodynamic
3.6 Enthalpy 63 WHO WAS AMALIE EMMY
3.7 Phase Diagrams 65 WHO WAS EMMY
Pressure Vapor 3.7 Phase Diagrams 6
3.7 Phase Diagrams 69 WHAT IS A “
3.7 Phase Diagrams 71 considerable
3.8 Quality 73 10 5 300 C Critical
3.8 Quality 75 Although Eq. (3.26)
3.9 Thermodynamic Equations of Stat
3.9 Thermodynamic Equations of Stat
3.9 Thermodynamic Equations of Stat
3.9 Thermodynamic Equations of Stat
3.10 Thermodynamic Tables 85 Critic
3.12 Thermodynamic Charts 87 vð100
3.13 Thermodynamic Property Softwar
Summary 91 and e = E/m = u + V2 2g
Problems 93 c. For a saturated mixt
Problems 95 specific enthalpy of sa
Problems 97 Table 3.23 Problem 65 M
CHAPTER 4 The First Law of Thermody
4.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.4 Energy Transport Mechanisms 105
4.5 Point and Path Functions 107 4.
4.6 Mechanical Work Modes of Energy
4.6 Mechanical Work Modes of Energy
4.6 Mechanical Work Modes of Energy
4.6 Mechanical Work Modes of Energy
4.7 Nonmechanical Work Modes of Ene
4.7 Nonmechanical Work Modes of Ene
4.7 Nonmechanical Work Modes of Ene
4.7 Nonmechanical Work Modes of Ene
4.9 Work Efficiency 125 In the case
4.12 Heat Modes of Energy Transport
4.13 Heat Transfer Modes 129 Table
4.14 A Thermodynamic Problem Solvin
4.14 A Thermodynamic Problem Solvin
4.15 How to Write a Thermodynamics
4.15 How to Write a Thermodynamics
Summary 139 The general open system
Problems 141 11.* Determine the hea
Problems 143 where K = 0.810 lbf. D
Problems 145 Table 4.12 Problem 67
CHAPTER 5 First Law Closed System A
5.2 Sealed, Rigid Containers 149 In
5.4 Power Plants 151 Step 7. Calcul
5.5 Incompressible Liquids 153 The
1Q 2 − 1 W 2 = mðu 2 − u 1 Þ
5.8 Closed System Unsteady State Pr
5.9 The Explosive Energy of Pressur
Problems 161 Problems (* indicates
Problems 163 31. A thermoelectric g
Problems 165 where v, T, and r are
CHAPTER 6 First Law Open System App
6.2 Mass Flow Energy Transport 169
6.3 Conservation of Energy and Cons
6.4 Flow Stream Specific Kinetic an
6.5 Nozzles and Diffusers 175 m (a)
6.5 Nozzles and Diffusers 177 We ar
6.6 Throttling Devices 179 These as
6.6 Throttling Devices 181 For an i
6.7 Throttling Calorimeter 183 The
6.8 Heat Exchangers 185 Convective
6.9 Shaft Work Machines 187 6.9 SHA
6.9 Shaft Work Machines 189 1 Basem
6.10 Open System Unsteady State Pro
6.10 Open System Unsteady State Pro
6.10 Open System Unsteady State Pro
Problems 197 we have _m R / _m D =
Problems 199 Problems (* indicates
Problems 201 32.* A commercial slid
Summary 203 59. Incompressible liqu
CHAPTER 7 Second Law of Thermodynam
7.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamic
7.4 Carnot’s Heat Engine and the
7.4 Carnot’s Heat Engine and the
7.5 The Absolute Temperature Scale
7.5 The Absolute Temperature Scale
7.6 Heat Engines Running Backward 2
7.7 Clausius’s Definition of Entr
7.8 Numerical Values for Entropy 22
7.8 Numerical Values for Entropy 22
7.8 Numerical Values for Entropy 22
7.10 Differential Entropy Balance 2
7.11 Heat Transport of Entropy 229
7.13 Entropy Production Mechanisms
7.14 Heat Transfer Production of En
7.15 Work Mode Production of Entrop
7.15 Work Mode Production of Entrop
7.16 Phase Change Entropy Productio
Summary 241 ■ Indirect method inv
Problems 243 amount of work W irr i
Problems 245 a. If the heat pump is
Problems 247 51. Develop a program
CHAPTER 8 Second Law Closed System
8.2 Systems Undergoing Reversible P
8.2 Systems Undergoing Reversible P
8.2 Systems Undergoing Reversible P
8.3 Systems Undergoing Irreversible
8.3 Systems Undergoing Irreversible
8.3 Systems Undergoing Irreversible
8.3 Systems Undergoing Irreversible
8.3 Systems Undergoing Irreversible
8.3 Systems Undergoing Irreversible
8.3 Systems Undergoing Irreversible
8.4 Diffusional Mixing 271 Exercise
Summary 273 Note that this example
Problems 275 15. A 20.0 ft 3 tank c
Problems 277 46. a. Determine a for
CHAPTER 9 Second Law Open System Ap
9.4 Open System Entropy Balance Equ
9.4 Open System Entropy Balance Equ
9.5 Nozzles, Diffusers, and Throttl
9.5 Nozzles, Diffusers, and Throttl
9.6 Heat Exchangers 289 Exercises 1
9.6 Heat Exchangers 291 (T H ) (T H
9.7 Mixing 293 Now, _m air is given
9.7 Mixing 295 Critical value of y,
9.9 Unsteady State Processes in Ope
9.9 Unsteady State Processes in Ope
9.9 Unsteady State Processes in Ope
9.9 Unsteady State Processes in Ope
9.9 Unsteady State Processes in Ope
9.9 Unsteady State Processes in Ope
Problems 309 Multiplying this equat
Problems 311 entropy production rat
Problems 313 heat is added to the b
Problems 315 55.* Determine the max
Problems 317 The cavitation process
CHAPTER 10 Availability Analysis CO
10.3 What Are Conservative Forces?
10.6 Availability 323 WHAT IS A SYS
10.6 Availability 325 and the total
10.7 Closed System Availability Bal
10.7 Closed System Availability Bal
10.8 Flow Availability 331 EXAMPLE
s − s 0 = c ln T T 0 10.8 Flow Av
10.10 Modified Availability Rate Ba
10.10 Modified Availability Rate Ba
10.11 Energy Efficiency Based on th
10.11 Energy Efficiency Based on th
10.11 Energy Efficiency Based on th
10.11 Energy Efficiency Based on th
10.11 Energy Efficiency Based on th
10.11 Energy Efficiency Based on th
Summary 351 In this problem, we hav
Summary 353 7. The general open sys
Problems 355 12.5 Btu/hr·ft ·R. I
Problems 357 flow rate of 15.0 lbm/
Problems 359 85. Create a specific
CHAPTER 11 More Thermodynamic Relat
11.2 Two New Properties: Helmholtz
11.2 Two New Properties: Helmholtz
11.4 Maxwell Equations 367 11.4 MAX
11.4 Maxwell Equations 369 then,
11.5 The Clapeyron Equation 371 and
11.6 Determining u, h, and s from p
11.6 Determining u, h, and s from p
11.6 Determining u, h, and s from p
11.7 Constructing Tables and Charts
11.8 Thermodynamic Charts 381 so th
11.9 Gas Tables 383 where p r is th
11.10 Compressibility Factor and Ge
11.10 Compressibility Factor and Ge
11.10 Compressibility Factor and Ge
11.10 Compressibility Factor and Ge
11.10 Compressibility Factor and Ge
11.10 Compressibility Factor and Ge
11.11 Is Steam Ever an Ideal Gas? 3
Summary 399 equation, and a series
Problems 401 20.* Estimate h fg for
Problems 403 Design Problems The fo
CHAPTER 12 Mixtures of Gases and Va
12.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Ga
12.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Ga
12.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Ga
12.3 Mixtures of Ideal Gases 413 Th
12.3 Mixtures of Ideal Gases 415 Co
12.4 Psychrometrics 417 Finally, th
12.4 Psychrometrics 419 EXAMPLE 12.
12.6 The Sling Psychrometer 421 The
12.6 The Sling Psychrometer 423 p w
12.7 Air Conditioning 425 WHAT ENVI
12.8 Psychrometric Enthalpies 427 E
12.8 Psychrometric Enthalpies 429 o
12.9 Mixtures of Real Gases 431 Whe
12.9 Mixtures of Real Gases 433 and
12.9 Mixtures of Real Gases 435 The
12.9 Mixtures of Real Gases 437 Sol
Summary 439 Last, we combine Dalton
Problems 441 Problems (* indicates
Problems 443 exhaust gas is an idea
Problems 445 57.* Cooling towers ar
CHAPTER 13 Vapor and Gas Power Cycl
13.2 Part I. Engines and Vapor Powe
13.2 Part I. Engines and Vapor Powe
13.2 Part I. Engines and Vapor Powe
13.2 Part I. Engines and Vapor Powe
13.4 Rankine Cycle 457 A B Reversib
13.5 Operating Efficiencies 459 For
13.5 Operating Efficiencies 461 13.
13.5 Operating Efficiencies 463 b.
13.5 Operating Efficiencies 465 Sta
13.6 Rankine Cycle with Superheat 4
13.7 Rankine Cycle with Regeneratio
13.7 Rankine Cycle with Regeneratio
13.7 Rankine Cycle with Regeneratio
13.8 The Development of the Steam T
13.9 Rankine Cycle with Reheat 477
13.9 Rankine Cycle with Reheat 479
13.10 Modern Steam Power Plants 481
13.10 Modern Steam Power Plants 483
13.10 Modern Steam Power Plants 485
13.12 Air Standard Power Cycles 487
13.13 Stirling Cycle 489 Q H 4 1 4
13.14 Ericsson Cycle 491 Q H 4 1 3
13.15 Lenoir Cycle 493 Exercises 28
13.16 Brayton Cycle 495 Solution Us
13.16 Brayton Cycle 497 Equation (7
13.17 Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines
13.17 Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines
13.18 Otto Cycle 503 T Q H 1 1 1 v
13.18 Otto Cycle 505 Exercises 40.
13.18 Otto Cycle 507 and, since the
13.20 Miller Cycle 509 13.19.1 Mode
13.20 Miller Cycle 511 Then, from F
13.21 Diesel Cycle 513 to stroll on
13.21 Diesel Cycle 515 Solution a.
13.22 Modern Prime Mover Developmen
13.23 Second Law Analysis of Vapor
13.23 Second Law Analysis of Vapor
13.23 Second Law Analysis of Vapor
Summary 525 Fill port 160 mm End of
Problems 527 7. The thermal efficie
efficiency increase if the condense
Problems 531 horsepower hour. Assum
Problems 533 72. Determine the valu
CHAPTER 14 Vapor and Gas Refrigerat
14.3 Carnot Refrigeration Cycle 537
14.4 In the Beginning There Was Ice
14.4 In the Beginning There Was Ice
14.5 Vapor-Compression Refrigeratio
14.5 Vapor-Compression Refrigeratio
14.6 Refrigerants 547 T 3 2s 2 p 3
14.7 Refrigerant Numbers 549 14.7 R
14.7 Refrigerant Numbers 551 R-110
14.8 CFCs and the Ozone Layer 553 H
14.9 Cascade and Multistage Vapor-C
14.9 Cascade and Multistage Vapor-C
14.9 Cascade and Multistage Vapor-C
14.10 Absorption Refrigeration 561
14.11 Commercial and Household Refr
14.11 Commercial and Household Refr
14.11 Commercial and Household Refr
14.14 Reversed Brayton Cycle Refrig
14.14 Reversed Brayton Cycle Refrig
14.15 Reversed Stirling Cycle Refri
14.16 Miscellaneous Refrigeration T
14.16 Miscellaneous Refrigeration T
14.18 Second Law Analysis of Refrig
14.18 Second Law Analysis of Refrig
2. The coefficient of performance o
Problems 585 13.* A refrigeration u
Problems 587 Loop B Station 1B Stat
Problems 589 under these conditions
CHAPTER 15 Chemical Thermodynamics
15.2 Stoichiometric Equations 593 1
15.2 Stoichiometric Equations 595 C
15.3 Organic Fuels 597 ANSWERS SOME
15.4 Fuel Modeling 599 Hydrocarbon
15.4 Fuel Modeling 601 equation, si
15.5 Standard Reference State 603 I
15.6 Heat of Formation 605 and H 2
15.7 Heat of Reaction 607 EXAMPLE 1
15.7 Heat of Reaction 609 CRITICAL
15.7 Heat of Reaction 611 Then, h P
15.8 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 61
15.8 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 61
15.8 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 61
15.9 Maximum Explosion Pressure 619
15.10 Entropy Production in Chemica
15.10 Entropy Production in Chemica
15.11 Entropy of Formation and Gibb
15.12 Chemical Equilibrium and Diss
15.12 Chemical Equilibrium and Diss
15.12 Chemical Equilibrium and Diss
H 2 O !ð1 − yÞH 2 O + yðv H2
15.14 The van’t Hoff Equation 635
15.15 Fuel Cells 637 Anode Electrol
15.15 Fuel Cells 639 The maximum po
15.16 Chemical Availability 641 and
ðn i /n fuel Þðc pi Þ E system
Problems 645 where j = 4n + m kgmol
Problems 647 c. The percent excess
Problems 649 77. Determine the mola
CHAPTER 16 Compressible Fluid Flow
16.3 Isentropic Stagnation Properti
16.4 The Mach Number 655 Note that
16.4 The Mach Number 657 Table 16.1
16.4 The Mach Number 659 Since for
16.5 Converging-Diverging Flows 661
16.5 Converging-Diverging Flows 663
16.6 Choked Flow 665 T a a p a = co
16.6 Choked Flow 667 Exercises 16.
16.7 Reynolds Transport Theorem 669
16.7 Reynolds Transport Theorem 671
16.8 Linear Momentum Rate Balance 6
16.9 Shock Waves 675 16.9 SHOCK WAV
16.9 Shock Waves 677 and, for an id
16.9 Shock Waves 679 6 5 4 S P /(m
16.10 Nozzle and Diffuser Efficienc
16.10 Nozzle and Diffuser Efficienc
Summary 685 Since for a diffuser, M
Problems 687 Problems (* indicates
43. 0.800 lbm/s of air passes throu
Problems 691 A plot of this functio
CHAPTER 17 Thermodynamics of Biolog
17.3 Thermodynamics of Biological C
17.3 Thermodynamics of Biological C
17.4 Energy Conversion Efficiency o
17.4 Energy Conversion Efficiency o
17.5 Metabolism 703 Table 17.3 Brea
17.6 Thermodynamics of Nutrition an
17.6 Thermodynamics of Nutrition an
17.6 Thermodynamics of Nutrition an
17.7 Limits to Biological Growth 71
17.7 Limits to Biological Growth 71
17.8 Locomotion Transport Number 71
17.9 Thermodynamics of Aging and De
17.9 Thermodynamics of Aging and De
1/3 V most efficient = P o ρAC D S
Problems 723 a. If the monster cons
Problems 725 the officer asks Paul
CHAPTER 18 Introduction to Statisti
18.3 Kinetic Theory of Gases 729 3.
U trans = 3 2 NkT (Continued ) 18.3
18.4 Intermolecular Collisions 733
18.5 Molecular Velocity Distributio
18.5 Molecular Velocity Distributio
18.6 Equipartition of Energy 739 We
18.7 Introduction to Mathematical P
18.7 Introduction to Mathematical P
18.7 Introduction to Mathematical P
18.8 Quantum Statistical Thermodyna
18.9 Three Classical Quantum Statis
18.11 Monatomic Maxwell-Boltzmann G
18.12 Diatomic Maxwell-Boltzmann Ga
18.12 Diatomic Maxwell-Boltzmann Ga
18.13 Polyatomic Maxwell-Boltzmann
Summary 759 In this chapter, we sum
Problems 761 4. Find the temperatur
CHAPTER 19 Introduction to Coupled
19.3 Linear Phenomenological Equati
19.4 Thermoelectric Coupling 767 Eq
19.4 Thermoelectric Coupling 769 Th
19.4 Thermoelectric Coupling 771 wh
19.4 Thermoelectric Coupling 773 Th
19.4 Thermoelectric Coupling 775 b.
19.5 Thermomechanical Coupling 777
19.5 Thermomechanical Coupling 779
19.5 Thermomechanical Coupling 781
water), it seems reasonable that li
Problems 785 b. For a Knudson gas,
Appendix A: Physical Constants and
Appendix B: Greek and Latin Origins
Appendix B 791 Table B.4 Plural End
Index Page numbers followed by f in
Index 795 E e (specific energy), 10
Index 797 Isobaric coefficient of v
Index 799 Ranque, Georges Joseph, 3
Index 801 William III, King of Engl
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