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particularly in literary texts, will overshadow the text's overall
meaning.
The rhetorical model, which is based on the concept of meaning
shifts, is traceable in ancient Greek and Arabic rhetoric. I have
developed and upgraded this model to serve the ultimate purpose of
translation quality assessment. The rhetorical model provides more
scope for text-producer, text-translator, and text-receiver to
manoeuver with inter-related, interactive and inter-dependent meanings
into the semantic goal of the text in order to finally achieve
interpersonal communication.
Approaches which have been set up to interpret texts are,
unmistakably, oriented to reader, or more generally, to audience.
Therefore, the notions of reader and audience, with their theoretical
and practical implications, have been examined in the widest
perspective possible. The interrelated disciplines of linguistics and
literary criticism are equally concerned with self-reflectiveness as
observable in the interaction between the observed (text) and the
observer (reader). Generative grammar, for instance, with its
emphasis on competence and performance, displaces Sausserean
linguistics which primarily emphasized the semantic system of
language. Chomskyan linguistics, later on, was more concerned about
the infinite number of utterancLs (parole) grammatically acceptable by
the native speakers of a langauge than the description of the system of
relations that constitute a given language (langue). Generative
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